• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.358-368
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• 2019

Purpose: Pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) is directly related to growth and has a high probability of requiring surgical intervention(s); therefore, more active treatment for CD is required for children. This study investigated the impact of biologics on growth and disease course associated with surgery. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study involving patients diagnosed with CD at the Seoul National University Children's Hospital (Seoul, Korea) between January 2006 and October 2017. The aim was to determine the characteristics of pediatric patients with CD and whether biologics affected growth and the surgical disease course. Results: Among patients who underwent surgery for CD, the mean number of operations per patient was 1.89. The mean time from initial diagnosis to surgery was 19.3 months. The most common procedure was fistulectomy (34%), followed by incision and drainage (25%). In all patients, the use of biologics increased the height (p=0.002) and body mass index (BMI) (p=0.005). Among patients who underwent surgery, height (p=0.004) and BMI (p=0.048) were increased in the group using biologics. Patients who used biologics exhibited a low operation rate only within 2 years after diagnosis, with no differences thereafter (p=0.027). Conclusion: Although biologics could not mitigate the operation rate in pediatric patients who underwent surgery for CD, biological therapy delayed disease progression within 2 years of disease onset. Additionally, biologics conferred growth and BMI benefits in this window period. Therefore, it may be helpful to use biologics for optimal growth in pediatric patients with a high probability of undergoing future surgery.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.342-347
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• 2008

큰수지맨드라미의 사망률과 성장률에 관한 연구를 제주도 문섬에서 2003년 2월부터 2004년 10월까지 진행하였다. 수심 15 m에 서식하는 큰수지맨드라미 48개체를 형광 플래깅 테이프로 표시했으며, 이들을 1년 6개월 동안 약2개월 간격으로 모니터링 하였다. 연구기간동안 2개월 단위의 평균 사망률은 50.4%로 나타났으며, 여름 태풍 발생시점인 2003년 8-10월에는 84.6%로 최대치를 나타내었다. 개체크기에 따른 사망률 양상에서는 등급 I(${\leq}$10 cm) 개체들의 사망률이 등급 II(10 cm-20 cm)와 등급 III(>20 cm)보다 높게 나타났다. 각 계절에 따른 성장률의 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타나지는 않았으나 가을-겨울시기의 길이 성장률이 다른 시기보다 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 전체 조사기간 동안의 평균 길이성장률은 2개월 동안 3 cm씩 성장하는 것으로 확인 되었으며, 2003년 8-10월에는 6.4 cm로 최대치를 보였다. 한편 직경의 성장은 2개월 동안 평균 0.3 cm가 증가하였으며, 2004년 4-6월에 1.4 cm로 최대치를 나타내었다. 제주도의 큰수지맨드라미 개체군은 매년 여름 태풍에 큰 영향을 받아 높은 사망률을 보이지만, 이후 어린개체들의 높은 가입률과 빠른 성장을 통하여 개체군을 유지하는 것으로 연구되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.375-381
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• 2000

Quantifying the changes of soil microbial biomass and activity of enzymes are important to understand the dynamics of active soil C and N pools. The dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and N and the activity of enzymes over entire growth period of soybean-(Glycine max (L) Merr.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequence on a Typic Haplustert as influenced by organic manure and inorganic fertilizer N were investigated in a field experiment. The application of farmyard manure at 4 to 16 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}\;y^{-1}r^{-1}$ along with fertilizer nitrogen at 50 or 180 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ increased the mean soil microbial biomass from 1.12 to 2.05 fold over unmanured soils under soybean-wheat system. Irrespective of organic and chemical fertilizer N application, the soil microbial biomass was maximum during the first two months at active growing stage of the crops and subsequently declined with crop maturity. The mean annual microbial activity was significantly increased when manure and chemical fertilizer at 8 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and 50/180 N $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively were applied. The C turnover rate decreased by 47 to 72 % when the level of farmyard manure was increased from 4 to 8 and 16 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$. There were significant correlations between biomass C, available N, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and yield of the crops.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.31-50
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• 2023

Through this paper, all the provisions of the enforcement statutes stipulated in the Joseon's law code were investigated and major medical issues and interests in the Joseon Dynasty were analyzed. The characteristics of each period reviewed in the text are as follows. The early Joseon Dynasty is divided into three periods. First of all, Joseon filled the gap in the law with the active acceptance of the Ming Dynasty's law code, Daemyeongrul, which conformed to Confucian virtue. Next, the completion of Gyeonggukdaejeon was an opportunity to prepare the basis for Joseon's medical laws. Lastly, from the late 15th century to the 16th century, the existing medicine promotion measures and emphasis on hyangyak(domestic herb) continued. it can be said that Joseon's politicians needed a medical policy based on Confucian virtues and maintained state-led promotion policies, but on the other hand, there was no other alternative to try newly by reflecting the limitations and failures of the policy. The late Joseon Dynasty is also divided into three periods. First of all, the period from the late 16th century to the early 18th century was marked by the growth of families in technical positions. The era of King Yeongjo can be said to be the period of reorganization of medical related laws. Finally, the period after the late 18th century is a period of passive regulation and supplementation. Lastly, the revision of the actual medical law was not made or reflected in era of King Jeongjo. In the case of the early Joseon Dynasty, the policy shifted from state-led to families in technical positions. However, in the 19th century, the weakening of the royal authority led to the weakening of the overall administrative system of the country, and the pharmaceutical policy had to be limited.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.303-326
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• 2000

Only one hundred years of history in nursing education in Korea is not enough to develop the subject fully as a science. However, the development of Korean nursing education is a great historical event, because Korean nursing education has been accepted by a male-oriented Korean society and has led to a new paradigm in the new millenium. These results are largely due to the Korean people's high enthusiasm for education, as well as Korean women's diligence. I think these 100 years of history can be divided into five periods: (1) the Sunlight period (1900-1911) (2) the New born period (1912-1945) (3) the Settle-down period (1946-1960) (4) the Marked Growth period (1961-1980) (5) the Jumping Period (1981-2000) These classifications are characterized by changes in the educational system, a changed nursing curriculum, educational goals, educational outcomes, and implications. The characteristics of historical development of Korean nursing education was evaluated in three dimensions: structures, contents, and outcome. The structure of Korean nursing education consists of a 3-year program and a 4-year program. Most nursing leaders in Korea hope that these two programs will converge into one system. Secondly, the contents of nursing education in Korea underwent very active changes, according to historical development. These changes in the nursing curriculum have been developed to provide a professional education and develop nursing education as a modern science. Lastly, as to the results of nursing education in Korea, the education was needed to turn out advanced specialists in nursing. In the new millenium, knowledge and information will be the driving forces behind social development. A nation's level of development and creativity in nursing education is the most potent determinant of the future of Korean nursing. The best way to prepare for future challenges will be to create the backbone of a nursing education system. Hence, well-educated nurses in graduate programs should be turned into advanced specialists in nursing. These groups will upgrade the image of Korean nurses, and will have strong influence to improve patient care and the health situation in Korea.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.477-486
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• 2016

이 연구는 제주도의 부속도서인 가파도에 서식하는 쇠살모사의 성장패턴을 밝히기 위하여 2006년 4월부터 2009년 11월까지 이루어졌다. 연구결과, 쇠살모사는 1-2개월 사이에 상대적으로 빠르게 성장하는 개체들도 있었으나, 대부분의 개체들은 1년 동안 거의 성장하지 않거나 성장을 하더라도 10mm 전후 성장하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 4~6월 사이에 포획-재포획된 개체들의 성장률이 높아 이 기간에 주로 성장하는 것으로 판단된다. 이는 뱀의 성장률이 먹이의 이용과 관련성이 크기 때문에 먹이활동이 다른 계절에 비해 4~6월에 활발히 이루어진다는 것을 의미하는 것이다. 이 결과를 확인하기 위해 몸 상태 변화를 측정한 결과, 암컷은 4월에서 6월로 갈수록 몸 상태가 좋은 개체와 나쁜 개체간의 차이가 더욱 크게 나타났고, 수컷은 4월에서 6월로 시간이 경과할수록 시간에 따른 몸 상태가 좋아지는 경향성이 있었다. 쇠살모사는 4~6월에 많은 개체가 포획되었으며, 7~9월에는 거의 포획되지 않았고, 가을철에 일부 개체들이 포획되었다. 이러한 결과는 동면기간과 한여름에는 거의 활동하지 않은 데에서 기인하는 것이다. 다시 말해 4~6월과 9~11월에 활동하나 11월에는 기온이 내려가면서 동면에 들어가는 시기라 주로 4~6월과 10월이 활동기라 판단되었다. 이러한 활동기간의 제한은 먹이자원의 제한과 더불어 먹이활동을 할 수 있는 기간의 제한으로 나타나 전반적으로 성장률을 제한시키는 하나의 요인으로 작용하는 것이다. 뱀의 성장률은 연령이 많을수록 낮아지는 경향이 있는데, 몸길이와 성장률은 음의 상관관계(r = -0.591)를 보였으나 표본수가 적어 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 이 연구결과는 쇠살모사의 생활사를 이해하는데 매우 의미 있는 자료로 활용될 것이다.

• 약학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.53-55
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• 1959

본 실험에 있어서는 우리가 일상 제일 많이 먹고 있는 발효식품의 1종이고 본보 제8보에 보고한 바와 같이 Vitamin $B_{12}$의 중요한 자원이 되고 있는 침채류가 그 발효기간중 Vitamin $B_{12}$의 함량에 대하여 어떠한 변화를 하고있으며 침채류발효에 있어서 발효에 관여하는 미생물에 의하여 Vitamin $B_{12}$가 새로 생성되는가 혹은 되지않는가를 알기 위하여 본 실험에 착수한 것이다. 그럼으로 본보고에 있어서는 보통방법으로 김치를 담그고 또한 김치를 멸균한 재료로서 무균조작으로 담그므로서 발효를 억제하면 Vitamin $B_{12}$ 함량은 별로 변화하지 않을 것이라고 추상하며 멸균김치를 따로 담거서 이 두 김치의 액부에 대하여 그 발효기간중 Vitamin $B_{12}$의 량적 변화를 조사하여 그 성적을 비교검토하고 이에 보고하는 바이다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.435-450
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• 2018

Phenological events of four Rhododendron tree species (viz. R. arboreum, R. arboreum ssp. delavayi var. delavayi, R. barbatum and R. kesangiae) was monitored in temperate mixed broad-leaved forests of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Phenological events like flower bud formation, flowering, fruit setting, fruit maturing, seed dispersal, leaf bud formation, leaf flushing, and leaf shedding were recorded. Indices i.e., phenophase sequence index (PSI), active phenophasic period of the species (APS) and index of reproductive/vegetative activity (RVA) were also calculated. Present study revealed that bark consistency, growth form and leaf pattern of the studied species have showed variations among the species. Rhododendron species exhibited the phenological events overlapping with other phenophases. The peak flower bud formation was observed during the winter; R. arboreum ssp. delavayi var. delavayi start flowering from December, while the flowering in rest three species exhibited during February to April. Fruit setting occurred during summer to autumn while fruit maturation revealed peak during November. Leaf bud formation illustrated two peaks in April and May, leaf flushing exhibited peak in June, while leaf shedding peaked during October to November. Active phenophasic period of the species were found 12 months, which revealed that species engage in various phenophase activities throughout the year. Phenophase sequence index ranged between 0.8 to 0.9 (PSI ${\geq}0.6$), signifies that species have a sequential arrangement of phenophases. Index of reproductive/vegetative activity of the species exemplified >1, indicate that the reproductive phenophases were dominance over vegetative phenophases. The study have provided substantial insight on the life cycle events of Rhododendron species and ecological approaches for further scientific study with recent climate change and effective management and conservation.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1971

가잠난을 대상으로 하고 시료조건을 Part 1에서는 갑배자에서부터 최청시키면서 부화직전에 이르기까지 Ascorbic acid와 Lipids (triglyceride 와 cholesterol) 및 free fatty acid를 분석하고 Part 2에서는 시료의 일부를 병$_{B}$ 시기에 방사선 800${\gamma}$에서 40분간 조사시킨 후 표준구와 같은 조건에서 최청하면서 glucose와 phosphorus를 분석, 비교 검토하는 동시에 이상의 각종 내용물질의 변동을 생화학적으로 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Ascorbic acid는 병$_{B}$ 배자에서 319.5${\gamma}$/g으로 가장 많았고 그 후부화전까지 감소해 감을 알 수 있었다. 2. Triglyceride는 병$_{A}$ 배자에서 27.54mg/g으로 난내세포가 활성화되는 시기에 가장 많았고 그 후 배자가 발육함에 따라 점차적으로 감소하였으며 Total Cholesterol이나 Free Cholesterol은 최청초기부터 부화직전까지 큰 변동이 없음을 확인하였다. 3. Free Fatty acid 는 Triglyceride가 가장 증가한 병$_{A}$ 에서 257.4$\mu$ mole/g으로 최소량을 나타냈고 반대로 감소되는 己A에서 1,020$\mu$ mole/g로 증가함을 알 수 있었고 전반적으로 보아 배자가 발육함에 따라 증가되는 결과를 얻었다. 4. Glucose는 표준구 점청기 281.2mg/g으로 가장 많은 증가를 보이고 방사선 조사구에서도 같은 시기 179.6mg/g으로 최고를 나타내어 동일한 경향을 보이나 양적으로 ${\gamma}$-Ray 처리구가 적다는 것과 Free Fatty acid 및 Phosphorus와의 상반된 변동을 알 수 있었다. 5. 표준구에서 Organic phosphorus는 병에서 5.23mg/g이었고 ${\gamma}$-Ray 처리구는 己A에서 5.73mg/g으로 가장 많은 양을 나타내고 Inorganic phosphorus에서는 약간의 변동이 있을 뿐이다. 방사선 처리구는 Organic phosphorus와 Inoranic phosphorus는 다 같이 최청초기에는 적으나 己A 이후는 급격히 증가하여 부화직전에 이르기까지 표준구보다 많았음을 알 수 있다. 이상과 같은 결과를 얻은 것은 금후 잠종의 취급 보존에 크게 밑 받침 될 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2024

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Mayer) is an important natural medicine. However, a long culture period and challenging quality control requirements limit its further use. Although artificial cultivation can yield a sustainable medicinal supply, research on the association between the transplantation and chaining of metabolic networks, especially the regulation of ginsenoside biosynthetic pathways, is limited. Methods: Herein, we performed Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based metabolomic measurements to evaluate ginsenoside accumulation and categorise differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs). Transcriptome measurements using an Illumina Platform were then conducted to probe the landscape of genetic alterations in ginseng at various ages in transplantation mode. Using pathway data and crosstalk DAMs obtained by MapMan, we constructed a metabolic profile of transplantation Ginseng. Results: Accumulation of active ingredients was not obvious during the first 4 years (in the field), but following transplantation, the ginsenoside content increased significantly from 6-8 years (in the wild). Glycerolipid metabolism and Glycerophospholipid metabolism were the most significant metabolic pathways, as Lipids and lipid-like molecule affected the yield of ginsenosides. Starch and sucrose were the most active metabolic pathways during transplantation Ginseng growth. Conclusion: This study expands our understanding of metabolic network features and the accumulation of specific compounds during different growth stages of this perennial herbaceous plant when growing in transplantation mode. The findings provide a basis for selecting the optimal transplanting time.