• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1987

This study was conducted to determine the microorganisms inhabitating in cow genitalia and their antimicrobial drug susceptibility. During the period between July, 1985 and February, 1986, a total of 111 cow genitalia, 58 from Korean native and 53 from dairy cow, were sampled at three abattoirs. Gross pathological examination and bacterial isolation and identification were performed from the genital samples. In addition antimicrobial drug susceptibility test for the microorganisms isolated, some synergistic activity among drugs were examined on the major organism isolated from the cases of endometritis and pyometra. The results are summerized as follows: 1. Among the bacteria isolated from the genitalia, Staphylococcus spp., C. pyogenes, E. coli, Proteus spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp. were most frequently isolated whereas the genera of Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Yersina were detected far less frequently. 2. In Korean native cow the genera of Straphylococcus and Steptococcus were more isolated than dairy cow while in dairy cow the genera of Corynebacterium, Proteus, Escherichia were more of ten isolated than Korean native cow. 3. From cow genital organs showing lesions of endometritis and prometra, C. pyogenes was most frequently isolated, the isolation rate being 60 percent, and follow by Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., E. coli and Pasteurella spp. in the order. 4. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility test conducted on the major organisms isolated showed that all the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, cephalosporin and sulfisoxazole, but resistant to tetracycline and penicillin. 5. Twenty-nine isolates of C. pyogenes were submitted to the synergistic activity test of cephalosporin, kanamycin and streptomycin with penicillin. Synergists were demonstrated in 90 percent, 31 percent and 27 percent of isolates examined by the combined use of penicillin and cephalosporin, penicillin and kanamycin, penicillin and streptomycin, respectively. About 10 percent of the isolates were found to be indifferent by the synergism test.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.273-278
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• 1985

A carrier-supported mycelial growth of Penicillium chrysogenum was applied to penicillin fermentation system. Among various materials tested, celite was found to be most effective for both spore adsorption and bioparticle development. Hyphal growth through pore matrices of the material showed strong anchorages and provided highly stable biofilm growths. When 5-10％ celite was employed, both cell growth and penicillin production were observed to increase significantly comparing to the dispersed filamentous growth. Specific productivity of penicillin, however. was found to be kept almost constant at a value of 1,900 unit/g cell/hr. A semicontinuous fermentation in a fluidized-bed reactor. using the tarrier-supported biofilm growth, was conducted successfully although free mycelia appeared in the late phase of the fermentation made the reactor operation difficult. Control of the size of bioparticles was considered as a major operating factor to maintain the reactor productivity at a desired level.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 1983

The penicillin G acylase(pga) gene was cloned in the vector plasmid pKM $300(Ar^r,\;Tc^r,\;6.33kb)$ for the study of the structure and expression of the pga gene. This recombinant plasmid pPAKS-1 DNA(24.5 Kb) was cleaved into 2 fragments by restriction enzyme Eco R1.1fragment by BamH1, 4fragments by Hind III, and 2 fragments by Pst I. The pga gene was located on the Eco R1.Hind III-C fragement of pPAKS-1. The recombinant plasmids pPAKS-1 and pPAKS-2, in which the Hind III-B and Hind III-D fragments pPAKS-1 are deleted, are characterized. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Doubling times of bacterial strain bearing pPAKS-1 and pPAKS-2 are 90 and 60 minutes, respectively. 2. pPAKS-1 and pPAKS-2 are present at about 16-32 and 70 copies per cell, respectively, are 0.66 and 5.5 units, respectively, which represent 2-fold and 20-fold higher enzyme 4. pPAKS-1 is very unstable, but pPAKS-2 is stable.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.331.3-332
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• 2002

A novel penicillin G acylase (PGA)-producing bacterial strain was isolated from soil by using the Serratia marcescens overlay technique. The isolated strain was identified as Leclercia adecarboxylata based on the analyses of the biochemical characteristics (API 20E). the cellular fatty acid profile. and the 16S rDNA sequences. The gene encoding the PGA (pac gene) was cloned into the pHSG399 vector and the recombinant E. coliHB101 clones harboring the pac gene were isolated on agar plates containing phenylacetyl-L -leucine and penicillin G. (omitted)

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.68-71
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• 1997

Penicillin sensor was prepared by immobilizing penicillinase (Pcase) on $H^{+}$-selective carboxylated poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-COOH) membrane or cellulose filter membrane. The immobilization techniques are as follows. Pcase was immobilized with GTH on $H^{+}$-selective PVC-COOH membrane or some amount of BSA was dropped on that membrane. Another method to make immobilization is to mix type I Pcase with GTH and drop on a cellulose filter membrane. According to immobilization techniques, there were some differences in response properties of enzyme electrodes, however, all electrodes responded to Pcase-resistant penicillin derivatives. Pcase immobilized on cellulose filter membrane with $H^{+}$-selective PVC membrane eletrode was more stable and more sensitive to penicillinase-resistant penicillin derivatives than any other immobilization techniques.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.372-376
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• 1994

The penicillin-derived 4-mercaptoazetidin-2-one(2a) was unstable in basic media, but it reacted with electrophiles such as acetyl chloride, methyl chloroformate, ethyl iodoacetate, diethyl azodicarboxylate in the presence of triethylamine or pyridine to give the products such as S-acetyl, S-methoxycarbonyl, S-ethoxycarbonylmethyl, and S-diethoxycarbonylhydrazino compounds. However S-methylation could not be done with methyl iodide, but with diazomethane. The reactivity of isomer 3a toward electrophiles was almost the same as that of compound 2a.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 1994

B군 연쇄상구균(group B streptococcus or Streptococcus agalactiae)은 신생아 뇌막염과 균혈증의 원인균으로 알려져 있고, 우리나라에서는 현재까지 23예의 신생아 B군 연쇄상구균 감염 임상 증례가 보고되었다. 그러나 성인에서의 B군 연쇄상구균 분리 동정에 대한 분석은 보고되었으나, 폐렴 증례는 아직 보고된 바 없고, S. agalactiae의 penicillin에 대한 최소억제농도가 대표적 연쇄상구균인 S. pyogenes 보다 높고 동물실험 및 시험관검사에서 penicillin과 aminoglycoside을 병합사용할 경우 상승작용이 관찰되었기 때문에, 치료제로 penicillin 또는 cephalosporin 을 aminoglycoside와 병합투여하여야 하는 특정을 지니고 있다. 저자들은 74세 남자 당뇨 환자에서 B군 연쇄상구균에 의한 폐렴과 패혈증이 발생한 증례를 치험하여 보고하고자 한다.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.475-479
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cause of chronic diarrhea from anaerobic bacteria isolated from Siberian tiger with chronic diarrhea. Major anaerobic bacteria isolated from faces were Clostridium perfringens and their population was $6 {\times} 10^3$ cfu/g feces. Antibiotic sensi- tivity test against Clostridium perfringens was performed using 6 antibiotic drugs including colistin gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amikacin, enofloxacin and penicillin. Clostridium per- fringens were sensitive to amikacin, enrofloxacin and penicillin while they were resistant to colistin. gentamicin and trmetboprim/sulfamethoxazole. And we found that chronic diarrhea of Siberian tiger was treated successfully with penicillin. These results suggested that Clostridium perfringens may bee a cause of chronic diarrhea in Siberian tiger.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2014

Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of antibiotics that inhibits the visible growth of a microorganism. It has been reported that sub-MIC of antibiotics may result in morphological alterations along with biochemical and physiological changes in bacteria. The purpose of this study was to examine morphological changes of periodontal pathogens after treatment with sub-MIC antibiotics. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were used in this study. The MIC for amoxicillin, doxycycline, metronidazole, penicillin, and tetracycline were determined by broth dilution method. The bacterial morphology was observed with bright field microscope after incubating with sub-MIC antibiotics. The length of A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum were increased after incubation with metronidazole; penicillin and amoxicillin. P. gingivalis were increased after incubating with metronidazole and penicillin. However, F. nucleatum showed decreased length after incubation with doxycycline and tetracycline. In this study, we observed that sub-MIC antibiotics can affect the morphology of periodontal pathogens.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.121-127
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• 2013

New types of monocyclic ${\beta}$-lactams constitute an important class of compounds due to their unique structures and natures. Here, the design and synthesis of new 4-alkylthio monocyclic ${\beta}$-lactams 2a and 3a are reported. Significantly, compounds 2a and 3a, while keeping a monocyclic system, were designed to contain all of the substructures provided by the cleavage of C(2)-C(3) bond in penicillins. Efficient synthetic pathways for compounds 2a and 3a were established based on two different strategies. Compound 2a was synthesized from raw materials, using 4-acetoxyazetidin-2-one as a key intermediate, through a ten-step synthetic sequence in 3% overall yield. Compound 3a was synthesized from potassium salt of penicillin G (17), using the degraded product 20 as a key intermediate, through a six-step synthetic sequence in 11% overall yield. 4-Alkylthioazetidin-2-one derivatives, introduced in this study, could serve as valuable intermediates for the development of new monocyclic ${\beta}$-lactams.