• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.393-408
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• 2024

The sparse linear discriminant analysis can be incorporated into the penalized linear regression framework, but most studies have been limited to specific convex penalties, including the least absolute selection and shrinkage operator and its variants. Within this framework, concave penalties can serve as natural counterparts of the convex penalties. Implementing the concave penalized direction vector of discrimination appears to be straightforward, but developing its theoretical properties remains challenging. In this paper, we explore a class of concave penalties that covers the smoothly clipped absolute deviation and minimax concave penalties as examples. We prove that employing concave penalties guarantees an oracle property uniformly within this penalty class, even for high-dimensional samples. Here, the oracle property implies that an ideal direction vector of discrimination can be exactly recovered through concave penalized least squares estimation. Numerical studies confirm that the theoretical results hold with finite samples.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.388-397
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• 2018

Background: The study analyzes penalties imposed on organizations for breaching safety and health regulations. The research questions are as follows: what are the commonly breached safety and health regulations? How proportional are penalties imposed on organizations for breaching health and safety regulations in the United Kingdom? Methods: The study employed sequential explanatory mixed research strategies for better understanding of health and safety penalties imposed on organizations. Actual health and safety convictions and penalties data for 10 years (2006 to 2016) were obtained through the United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE) public register for convictions. Overall, 2,217 health and safety cases were analyzed amounting to total fines of £37,179,916, in addition to other wide-ranging penalties. For thorough understanding, eight interviews were conducted with industry practitioners, lawyers, and HSE officials as part of the study qualitative data. Results: Findings show that the Health and Safety at Work (HSW) Act accounted for 46% of all HSE prosecution cases in the last decade. This is nearly half of the total safety and health at work prosecutions. Moreover, there is widespread desire for organizations to comply with the HSW Act, but route fines are seen as burdensome and inimical to business growth. Conclusion: A key deduction from the study reveal significant disproportionality concerning penalties imposed on organizations for breaching safety and health regulations. On aggregate, small companies tend to pay more for health and safety offenses in a ratio of 1:2 compared to large companies. The study also reveals that the HSW Act accounted for nearly half of the total safety and health at work prosecutions in the last decade.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2016

In this paper, I propose monetary penalties imposed on firms sanctioned by the Financial Supervisory Service for fraudulent financial reporting in accounting and auditing enforcement release(FSS-sanctioned fraud firms) should be disclosed to the notes of financial statement of the firms. Disclosing to the notes of financial statement for FSS-sanctioned fraud firms is an effective way to inform all the related parties of the information which affects the value of the corporation. Even though monetary penalties can affect the value of the firms, however, this study suggests that monetary penalties imposed on the fraud firms have a question on the effectiveness of the sanctions. In addition, this study finds that the magnitude of the market reactions between the fraud firms imposed by monetary penalties and the fraud firms imposed by non-monetary penalties has no difference. Based on these results, the information of FSS-sanctioned fraud firms should be disclosed to the notes of financial statements to have the market react effectively.

• 한국국방경영분석학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 1999

In this paper, we consider the shortest path network problem with fixed charges. A turn penalty algorithm for the shortest path problem with fixed charges or turn penalties is presented, which is using the next node comparison method. The algorithm described here is designed to determine the shortest route in the shortest path network problem including turn penalties. Additionally, the way to simplify the computation for the shortest path problem with turn penalties was pursued.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2022

In this study, a multi-objective robust job-shop scheduling (JSS) model was developed. The model considered multi-jobs and multi-machines. The model also considered uncertain processing times for all tasks. Each job was assigned a specific due date and a tardiness penalty to be paid if the job was not delivered on time. If any job was completed early, holding expenses would be assigned. In addition, the model added idling penalties to accommodate the idling of machines while waiting for jobs. The problem assigned was to determine the optimal start times for each task that would minimize the expected penalties. A numerical problem was solved to minimize both the makespan and the total penalties, and a comparison was made between the results. Analysis of the results produced a prescription for optimizing penalties that is important to be accounted for in conjunction with uncertainties in the job-shop scheduling problem (JSSP).

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.3-38
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• 2019

항공운송에서 법령상 의무를 위반한 사업자에 대해 행정부는 정해진 절차에 따라 행정제재를 조치할 수 있는데, 그 중 대표적인 것이 금전적인 행정제재인 과징금이다. 행정제재로서 과징금 부과제도는 1980년대 공정거래 분야에서 우리나라에 처음 도입되었는데, 항공관련 법령에서의 도입은 1984년 개정 <항공법>에서 이루어졌다. 현재 항공 관련 과징금은 <항공사업법>이나 <항공안전법>에 규정되어 있다. 법률에 따르면 항공 사업자가 행정상 의무를 위반하여 영업의 정지를 명하거나, 부여한 자격증명이나 승인의 효력을 정지하는 것이 사업의 이용자 등에게 심한 불편을 주거나 공익을 해칠 우려가 있는 경우에 그러한 정지조치에 갈음하여 과징금이 부과될 수 있다. 이점에서 항공관련 과징금은 우리나라 과징금 제도의 원류라 할 수 있는 공정거래 분야의 과징금과 다소 차이를 보인다. 공정거래 분야에서는 시장경제 질서의 가치를 훼손하는 행정상 의무위반 행위에 대해 과징금이 부과되고, 위반행위에 따른 이익의 환수와 소비자의 부당한 지출을 보상하는 역할에 주목한다. 하지만 항공분야에서 사업자의 의무위반행위는 단순히 국민의 재산적 손실을 발생시키는 것이 아니라, 항공교통이용자의 생명이나 신체에 직접적인 영향을 끼치게 된다. 이점에서 항공 과징금은 공정거래 분야의 과징금과 비교할 때 부당이득의 환수 보다는 행정행위의 실효성 확보 수단으로서 행정적 제재 혹은 징벌의 성격을 강하게 가진다. 일반적으로 과징금은 행정 전문가에 의한 조사절차를 거치므로 효율성이 확보될 수 있고, 사법적 절차에 비해 신속한 집행이 가능하다는 점에서 행정적 제재수단으로 선호도가 높다. 더욱이 민사소송에서 징벌적 손해배상이 인정되지 않는 우리나라 현실에서 국민의 법 감정을 인지하여 사업자에게 철퇴를 가함으로써, 과징금 부과제도는 사회정의를 실현하는 수단으로 인식되어 있고 이에 대한 여론도 상당히 호의적이다. 하지만 과징금은 어디까지나 행정행위의 실효성 확보수단일 뿐이다. 우리나라 항공관련 법률에 따른 과징금은 행정적 제재수단이면서 그 실효적인 측면에서는 형벌의 일종인 벌금과 유사하고, 더욱이 지나치게 고액의 과징금으로 인해 국가의 형벌권 집행 이상의 결과를 가져오는 경우도 있다. 나아가 과징금 부과제도의 부적절한 입법과 그 운영은 자칫 법치국가로서의 가치를 훼손할 우려를 낳기도 한다. 위와 같은 인식 하에서 본 논문은 우리나라 항공관련 법령에 규정된 과징금 부과제도와 운영현황에 관한 현주소를 파악할 목적에서 기술되었다. 특히 외국의 항공관련 과징금 법령과의 비교 연구를 통하여 우리 제도의 문제점과 개선방향을 탐구하는데 주력하였다. 아무쪼록 본 연구를 통해 우리나라 항공 산업의 발전과 공공의 이익이 함께 추구될 수 있는 방향으로 항공관련 과징금 부과제도가 합리적으로 운영되기를 희망한다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2020

In this paper, we introduce an efficient algorithm for the non-convex penalized multinomial logistic regression that can be uniformly applied to a class of non-convex penalties. The class includes most non-convex penalties such as the smoothly clipped absolute deviation, minimax concave and bridge penalties. The algorithm is developed based on the concave-convex procedure and modified local quadratic approximation algorithm. However, usual quadratic approximation may slow down computational speed since the dimension of the Hessian matrix depends on the number of categories of the output variable. For this issue, we use a uniform bound of the Hessian matrix in the quadratic approximation. The algorithm is available from the R package ncpen developed by the authors. Numerical studies via simulations and real data sets are provided for illustration.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.17-26
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• 1998

Shortest path problem in road network with turn penalties and prohibitions frequently arises from various transportation optimization models. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for the shortest Path problem with turn prohibitions and delays. The proposed algorithm maintains distance labels of arcs, which is similar to labels of nodes of Dijkstra's algorithm. Fibonacci heap implementation of the proposed algorithm solves the problem in O(mn ＋ mlogm). We provide a new insight in transforming network with turn penalties and prohibitions into another network in which turn penalties and prohibitions are implicitly considered. The proposed algorithm is implemented using new data structure and compared with Ziliaskopoulos' algorithm. Computational results show that the proposed algorithm is very efficient.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2016

China is defending the terrorist crime through the Anti-Terror Law and anti-terrorism criminal legislation. China's Anti-Terror Law and the Criminal Code Amendment (9), which were promulgated in 2015, provide legal grounds for preventing and hurting ever-growing terrorist crimes. In particular, China's amendment to the Criminal Code (9) is designed to rigorously enforce the legal framework for terrorist crimes, protect prejudicial rights that might be violated by serious terrorist crimes, and protect the penalties for terrorist crimes. However, China's anti-terrorism legislation still has drawbacks such as lack of systematicity, limited regulatory boundaries, and lack of rigorous penalties for the establishment of anti-terrorism legislation. To counter this, China's anti-terrorism legislation must strictly regulate the legal system of terrorist crimes, secure penalties, and prescribe anti-terrorism laws as professional chapters.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2022

High dimensional time series is gaining considerable attention in recent years. The sparse vector heterogeneous autoregressive (VHAR) model proposed by Baek and Park (2020) uses adaptive lasso and debiasing procedure in estimation, and showed superb forecasting performance in realized volatilities. This paper extends the sparse VHAR model by considering non-convex penalties such as SCAD and MCP for possible bias reduction from their penalty design. Finite sample performances of three estimation methods are compared through Monte Carlo simulation. Our study shows first that taking into cross-sectional correlations reduces bias. Second, nonconvex penalties performs better when the sample size is small. On the other hand, the adaptive lasso with debiasing performs well as sample size increases. Also, empirical analysis based on 20 multinational realized volatilities is provided.