• 열처리공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2015

The variation in microstructure and texture during continuous annealing was examined in a series of 1.6% Mn-0.1% Cr-0.3% Mo-0.005% B steels with carbon contents in the range of 0.010 to 0.030%. It was found that microstructure of hot band consisted of ferrite and pearlite as a consequence of high coiling temperature, and eutectoid carbon content was between 0.011% and 0.016%. Martensite ranged in volume fraction from 1.5% to 4.0% when annealed at $820{\circ}C$ according to the typical continuous annealing cycle. The critical martensite content for the continuous yielding was about 4% from stress-strain curves. The continuous yielding was obtained in the 0.030% carbon steel and 0.010% to 0.020% carbon steels revealed some yield point elongation ranging from 0.8% to 2.2% in as-annealed conditions. Higher tensile strength in the higher carbon steel is due to both increase in the martensite volume fraction and ferrite grain refinement. Decreasing the carbon content to 0.01% strengthened the intensities of ${\gamma}$-fiber textures, resulting in the increase in the $r_m$ value, which was caused by the lower volume fraction of martensite. The higher carbon steels showed the lower $r_m$ value of about 1.0.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.231-245
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• 2007

경주 황성동 목곽 2호묘에서 3세기 중후반대에 제작된 것으로 추정되는 말각 장방형의 단조 철부가 출토되었다. 이 철부의 재질은 금속광택에 밝은 회백색을 보이며 연한 크림색조를 나타냈으며, 광학적 성질은 자철석 또는 자연철의 특징과 거의 유사하다. X-선 회절분석 결과, 자철석과 침철석만이 검출된 것으로 보아 단조철부의 제작에 이용된 원광석의 조성과 조직이 그대로 보존되었음을 반영하고 있다. 철부의 내부에서는 미립의 내포물이 불규칙하게 산출되었다. 이는 철부의 원광석에 수반되었던 석영, 방해석, 운모, 자철석, 각섬석, 중석광물, 휘석 및 감람석 등이 열처리 과정에서 제거되지 않은 불순물인 것으로 판단된다. 이 철부는 전반적으로 페라이트와 시멘타이트가 공존하는 펄라이트 조직을 보이며, 탄소의 함량은 비교적 높으나 균질하게 분포하는 부분이 있는 것으로 보아, 거의 순철에 가까운 소재로 성형한 후에 침탄이 이루어 진 것으로 추정된다. 이 철부의 산출상태와 수반 내포물로 보아 원광석은 울산광산에서 생산된 자철석이 이용되었을 가능성이 있다. 원광은 저온환원법에 의해 생산된 괴련철인 것으로 해석되며, 공석온도인 $727^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 성형이 이루어진 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2004년도 제20회 발표논문집
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• pp.33-42
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• 2004

The forged iron axe found in the No. 2 wood-framed tomb (the middle 3rd century) of Hwangseongdong, Gyeongju is rectangular on the plane level. It shows an obtuse angle in the edge part, while the joint part has the both sides folded up and shows the traces of wood. Under the reflected light, the Iron axe shines in metal luster, which is bright light gray or light creamy colors. The result of x-ray diffraction analysis shows that the axe consists of magnetite and geothite, which can explain why the composition and structure of the original ore has been kept intact. The microtexture of the axe has the irregular network of ferrite and pearlite, and tile cementite of tiny amount in the ferrite background. The overall treatment of the texture seems to be thermal with a high ratio of carbon. There are fine-grained magnetite, wolframite, quartz, calcite, mica, hornblende and pyroxene inside the axe. Those must be the impurities that they failed to remove in the refining process. The normal ferrite is composed of pure iron whose $Fe_2O_3$ proportion is from 99.16 to $99.84\;wt.\%$. Other than them, the ferrite parts usually contain $Al_2O_3\;and\;SiO_2$. The irregular network of pearlite also contains Impurities including $Al_2O_3\;and\;SiO_2$ and shows highly diverse patterns of carbon content. It's because the axe was carburized after the material was made to resemble pure iron. The decarbonization work didn't go well along the process marks. It's estimated that the original ore was bloom produced in low-temperature reduction and formed around in $727^{\circ}C$, which is eutetic temperature.