• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.233-244
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• 2010

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and 5-10% of the PD cases are genetically inherited as familial PD (FPD). LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) was first reported in 2004 as a gene corresponding to PARK8, an autosomal gene whose dominant mutations cause familial PD. LRRK2 contains both active kinase and GTPase domains as well as protein-protein interaction motifs such as LRR (leucine-rich repeat) and WD40. Most pathogenic LRRK2 mutations are located in either the GTPase or kinase domain, implying important roles for the enzymatic activities in PD pathogenic mechanisms. In comparison to other PD causative genes such as parkin and PINK1, LRRK2 exhibits two important features. One is that LRRK2's mutations (especially the G2019S mutation) were observed in sporadic as well as familial PD patients. Another is that, among the various PD-causing genes, pathological characteristics observed in patients carrying LRRK2 mutations are the most similar to patients with sporadic PD. Because of these two observations, LRRK2 has been intensively investigated for its pathogenic mechanism (s) and as a target gene for PD therapeutics. In this review, the general biochemical and molecular features of LRRK2, the recent results of LRRK2 studies and LRRK2's therapeutic potential as a PD target gene will be discussed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2004

In an attempt to analyze the characteristics of domestic pathogenic strains of S. pneumoniae, the basic epidemiological charactristics of pathogenic strains such as their serotypes and frequency of penicillin resistance, and pattern of chromosomal DNA from PFGE(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) were observed. For this study,56 strains of S. pneumoniae isolated from inpatients and outpatients in the four domestic university hospitals were collected from January to December in 1998. Among those strains, a total of 56 pathogenic strains from blood(39 isolates), cerebrospinal fluid(8 isolates) and other specimen(9 isolates) were selected and isolated. The penicillin resistance frequency of those 56 strains was identified with disk diffusion method with 66.1％. From the invasive strains, predominant serotypes were isolated in the order of 19F(12.5％), 23F(10.7%), 14(10.7%) and 9V(10.7％), totalling 45 percent. This experiment also used PFGE patterns to compare the correlations among genetic subtypes in several serotypes. The DNA fragments digested with Sma I and Apa I were resolved by PFGE. The PFGE patterns digested with Sma I were better than Apa I for analysis. In the DNA fragments digested with Sma 1, PFGE analysis of 56 S. pneumoniae isolates showed 25 different patterns. As a result, serotype was on the whole correlated to PFGE pattern on the ground that each different PFGE pattern by serotype was observed. This study can be utilized not only fur the study of incidence trend of domestic pneumococcal diseases but also as a useful basic data for the development of identification tool and treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2003

This study was performed to screen antimicrobial activities of 198 extracts from 66 Korean mushrooms against 19 human pathogenic microorganisms using paper disc method. Mushrooms were extracted with petroleum ether 80% ethanol and distilled water in that order Among the extracts with antimicrobial activities, 1 water extract of Amanita virgineoides, 8 ethanolic extracts including Amanita and 1 petroleum ether extrac of Psathyrella hydrophila were highly active against fungi, respectively. In addition to, 24 extracts including Amanita pseudoporphyria, Amanita spissacea, 3 extaracts including Paxillus curtisii were highly active against Gram negative and positive bacteria, respectively.

• Mycobiology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 2012

Four Cladobotryum isolates were collected from four different commercially grown mushroom types infected with cobweb disease in Cheongdo-gun and Chilgok-gun of Gyeongbuk Province, Korea in 2010. The isolates were identified as C. mycophilum from Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus eryngii, C. varium from Flammulina velutipes and Hypsizygus marmoreus. The cultural characteristics of the four isolates were investigated using potato dextrose agar (PDA) media under nine different temperatures ranging from $5{\sim}32^{\circ}C$. Rapid growth of the isolates to colony diameters of 47~82 mm was observed at conditions of $18{\sim}22^{\circ}C$. No growth was observed at $32^{\circ}C$. C. mycophilum produced a yellowish red pigment while C. varium produced a cream colored pigment after cultivation for 25 days on PDA. Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region and partial 28S rDNA from the four isolates confirmed they were C. mycophilum and C. varium. Cross pathogenicity tests revealed that the two isolates of C. mycophilum were highly pathogenic toward three mushroom types, but not toward H. marmoreus. The two isolates of C. varium were less pathogenic than those of C. mycophilum, but were pathogenic toward all mushroom types evaluated.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.209-216
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• 2011

This study carried out to investigate the pathogenic Streptococcus spp. isolated from respiratory tract of Thoroughbred in Jeju province. The specimens were collected from nasal mucosa using a culture swab from 113 Thoroughbred horses. Suspected colonies were selected onto blood and MacConkey agar plate, and identified by standard biochemical properties using Vitek 2 system and PCR method. In this study, we isolated S. equi (n=6), S. zooepidemicus (n=31), S. equisimilis (n=5), S. dysgalactiae (n=2), S. agalctiae (n=1), non identified ${\beta}$-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (n=1) from Thoroughbred horses. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, it showed a high sensibility in the most of antimicrobial except for neomycin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, erythromycin and clindamycin. These results will provide the basic information to establish control measures for the treatment and prevention of respiratory disease by pathogenic Streptococcus spp. in Thoroughbred horses in Korea.

• Journal of the FoodService Safety
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2022

The objectives of this study were to investigate the behavior characteristics of pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes in various kinds of meat (beef, chicken, and pork) and to compare their risk using FDA-iRISK. The growth of S. Typhimurium in chicken and pathogenic E. coli in pork and beef was well supported and posed a high risk. A similar trend was observed in the risk comparison results using the iRISK. When comparing total disability adjusted life years (DALY) per year based on the kinds of meat, chicken was the highest (88.2), followed by pork (58.5) and beef for "yukhoe" (18.8). When comparing scenarios grouped by bacteria, The highest total DALYs per year was observed with pathogenic E. coli (121), followed by S. Typhimurium (44.8) and L. monocytogenes (1.67E-³). These results indicate that the risk of combining meat and foodborne pathogens varies under the same distribution environment. Thus, strict management and supervision are required to store and deliver raw meat to prevent cross-contamination among the raw meats at the processing plant and retail market.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.53-60
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• 2000

Strain BH5 was isolated from naturally fermented Kimchi and identified as a bacteriocin producer, which has bactericidal activity against Micrococcus flavus ATCC 10240. Strain BH5 was identified tentatively as Lactococcus lactis by the API test and some characteristics. Lactococcus lactis BH5 showed a broad spectrum of activity against most of the non-pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms tested by the modified deferred method. The activity of lacticin BH5, named tentatively as the bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis BH5, was detected at the mid-log growth phase, reached its maximum during the early stationary phase, and decreased after the late stationary phase. Lacticin BH5 also showed a relatively broad spectrum of activity against non-pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms as tested by the spot-on-lawn method. Its antimicrobial activity on sensitive indicator cells was completely disappeared by protease XIV or ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin. The inhibitory activities of lacticin BH5 were detected during treatments up to 100$^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Lacticin BH5 was very stable over a pH range of 2.0 to 9.0 and was stable with all the organic solvents examined. The cell concentration and bacteriocin production in strain BH5 were maximum when grown at 30$^{\circ}C$ in a modified MRS medium supplemented with 0.5% tryptone, 1.0% yeast extract, and 0.5% beef extract as nitrogen sources. It demonstrated a typical bactericidal mode of inhibition against Micrococcus flavus ATCC 10240. Lacticin BH5 was purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation, ethanol precipitation, and CM-Sepharose column chromatography. The apparent molecular mass of lacticin BH5 was estimated to be in the region of 3.7 kDa, by the direct detection of bactericidal activity after SDS-PAGE. Mutant strain NO141 which was isolated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis produced about 4 fold more bacteriocin than the wild type.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.3 s.74
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• pp.257-265
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• 1995

Morphological characteristics and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia species causing blight diseases of turfgrasses were studied. The species were identified as Rhizoctonia cerealis Van der Hoeven, R. oryzae Ryker et Gooch, and R. solani $K{\ddot{u}hn}$ based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. Isolates of R. solani were assigned to anastomosis groups (AG) with cultural type 1 (1A), 2-2 (IIIB), and 2-2 (IV). R. cerealis, R. oryzae and R. solani induced sheath rot and foliar blight symptoms on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica). Inoculation tests showed that disease severity with isolates of R. cerealis and R. oryzae were more serious to creeping bentgrass than zoysiagrass. AG 1(1A) isolates of R. solani were strongly pathogenic on creeping bentgrass, but moderate to zoysiagrass. AG 2-2 (III) isolates were moderately pathogenic to zoysiagrass, but weakly to creeping bentgrass. AG 2-2 (IV) isolates from zoysiagrass were moderately pathogenic to zoysiagrass, but weakly to creeping bentgrass.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.99-109
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• 1999

Enteropathogenic Yersina enterocolitica is an important cause of human and animal disease. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics currently used to identify Yersinia enterocolitica are not necessarily sufficient to differentiate pathogenic from non-pathogenic strains or to analyze the epidemiology of yersiniae at a molecular level. To improve the characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica, A total of 65 isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica were examined with bioserotyping, antibiotic susceptibilities, PFGE, PCR-ribotyping. Genomic DNA pattern generated by PFGE are highly specific for different strains of an organism and have significant value in epidemiologic investigations. The PFGE analysis of Not I-digested chromosomal DNA of Y. enterocolitica were performed with a CHEF Mapper(Bio-Rad, USA). Not I generated 19 restriction endonuclease digestion profiles(REDP). PCR-ribotyping, performed with primers complementry to conserved regions of 16S and 23S rRNA gene, generated 13 ribotypes. PCR-ribotyping can be considered a good technich for subtyping strains of Y.enterocolitica.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.236-238
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• 1987

A bacterial disease of elephant foot, Hydrosome rivieri Engl., was newly found in Taejon, Korea in August 1986. The affected plants showed symptoms of soft rot on leaf blades and petioles. Bacterial isolates from affected plants found to be pathogenic to elephant foots by antificial inoculation, producing similar symptoms with those produced naturally. The baterium was also pathogenic to carrot, Chinese cabbage, radish, potato and onion, and developed symptom of soft root on them. On the basis of bacteriological characteristics and pathogenicity, tested bacterium was identified as Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and this disease was proposed to name 'Bacterial soft rot of elephant foot'.