• 패션비즈니스
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.26-36
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine the concept of modern consumer society and to analyze how the meaning of postmodern-feminism is consumed into what image of preference in fashion. The function of modern society has changed into the system which is centered around consumption from the one that emphasizes labor and production of mass consumption age by mass production. In this consumer society, consumption means just not to waste of production but to consume the commodity sign reflected on the desire of a moderner. In other words, it means what is consumed will be the meaning, preference, symbol, and image mood not goods itself with physical feature. Existing feminism has affected by postmodernism. Due to that, postmodern-feminism has developed, taking to pieces the paternal argument since the late 1960s. It has tried to give up hope this idea, regarding sex distinction as a socially organized category contrary to women's identity of biological aspect suppressed in the paternal system of value. Especially it has demanded only one type on sex should be translated into a distinctive quality, multiple meaning, and sex. Accordingly in modern fashion, this aspect is expressed like the followings : distinction into women's image evaded fixation, multiple meaning into image of androgyny, multiple sex into that of mixture. And this is used as the image of symbolic goods, also the purpose of brand difference.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Signal transduction in Toxicology
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• pp.138-138
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• 2001

The purpose of the present studies was to investigate the effects of subchronic paternal treatment of cyclophosphamide (CP) and acrolein on male fertility and early embryonic development. Two approaches were pursued. The first was to perform in vivo test for observing the adverse effects of CP and acrolein on the function og male reproductive system and pregnancy outcome.(omitted)

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2011

Although the function and utility of RNA transcripts derived from matured spermatozoa remains unclear, they might play important roles in the establishment of a paternal genome and subsequently embryo development. Herein, we investigated the expression of X-chromosome linked RNA transcripts in matured bovine spermatozoa. The total RNA was extracted from the matured spermatozoa, and then converted to cDNA. Autosomal genes (ACT-${\beta}$ and H-2A) and X-chromosome linked genes (ANT3, HPRT, MeCP2, RPS4X, XIAP, XIST and ZFX) were analyzed for the characterization of X-chromosome linked RNA transcripts and compared to female fibroblasts by RT-PCR. The transcripts of autosomal genes (ACT-${\beta}$ and H2A) and X-chromosome linked genes (ANT3, HPRT, MeCP2, RPS4X and ZFX) were not detected in spermatozoa. However, XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) and XIST (X-chromosome inactive-specific transcript, a kind of paternal imprinted gene) transcripts were detected in spermatozoa, and relative levels of XIAP and XIST transcripts were similar and 0.5-fold lower when compared to female fibroblasts, respectively. Based on the findings, it is summarized that the presence of RNA transcripts of XIAP and XIST in the isolated spermatozoa may imply their role in inhibition of apoptosis and induction of X-chromosome inactivation in embryo development.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was to identify the relationship between parental rearing attitudes and personality in nursing college students. Methods: A total of 297 subjects aged between 18 and 28 were selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected with a self-reported questionnaire from March 2 to 25, 2011. Collected data were analyzed with SpSS/pC Win 15.0. Results: Differences in parental rearing attitudes according to general characteristics were as follows. In parental rearing attitudes, acceptance were significantly different according to school record of their children. In maternal rearing attitudes, acceptance was significantly different according to economic status and paternal rearing attitudes perceived acceptance was significantly different according to parental education level. All of parental rearing attitudes perceived denial were significantly different according to the gender, grade, parental economic status, blood type, two income family. There was a positive correlation between parental rearing attitudes perceived acceptance and personality of their children except paternal rearing attitude perceived denial. 26.3% of variance in personality was explained by maternal rearing attitude perceived acceptance only. Conclusion: The findings of this study may be useful in understanding the personality of nursing college students and developing more specific personality and parental rearing attitudes programs.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.139-150
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• 1989

The present study was designed to answer the following questions: 1) Is there and relationship between the adolescent's sex role identity and perceived parent behavious? 2) Is there any gender differences in perceived parent behavious? 3) Is there any interaction effect between sex role identity and gender in perceived parent behaviors? 109 male and 101 female undergraduates from the five universities in Seoul served as subjects in this investigation. Subjects were administered the Parent Behavior From (PBF) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) in counterbalanced order. A4 (sex-role identity)×2(gender) multivariate analysis of variance was performed for the perceived paternal and maternal behaviors separately. The simultaneous confidence intervals for pairwise comparison were followed when the MANOVA was significant. In testing all hypotheses, .05 was used as a significance level in this study. For the perceived paternal behavious, 1) The androgynous group, compared with the undifferentiated group, reported greater father warmth, active involvement, greater encouragement of cognitive independence, cognitive curiosity, cognitive competence, achievement control, and conformity. 2) The androgynous individuals showed higher father warmth, congitive independence, curiosity, and cognitive competence than the feminine individuals. 3) The androgynous individuals were found to have significantly higher father warmth than the masculine individuals. For the perceived maternal behaviors, there was a significant difference between gender groups in conformity. Daughters reported higher conformity than sons. The interaction effect between sex-role identity and gender, however, was not found to be significant.

• 아동학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.207-225
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• 2012

This study examined the meanings of reflective utterances fathers regarding their paternal role and the relationship of this to the process of a reflective parent education program for fathers whose children had been referred to psychotherapy. The subjects were 2 fathers aged in their late-thirties of 2 children with emotional behavioral problems. The father education program consisted of contents based on object relation theory. The reflective dialogues between fathers and the parent educator in the process of the program were analyzed. The meanings of the reflective utterances made by the fathers were indicated to be the understanding of the relationship between child's problematic behaviors and family dynamics, a reflection on their oppressive child rearing behaviors, the awareness of the necessity for emotional exchange with family members, the importance of cooperation between both the mother and father when it comes to child rearing, and the values at the heart of being together with children. The implications of the results were also discussed.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of fathers about early childhood parenting. Methods: Selected fathers of children in early childhood were interviewed, and an open-ended questionnaire was utilized to identify the fathers' awareness of the meaning of parenting, priority for parenting, opinions on paternal roles as a child raiser, parenting difficulties, and what education they wanted to receive as fathers. After their statements were collected, a content analysis was done. Results: Results of the content analysis showed there were 45 significant statements, which were classified into 17 categories. The fathers saw the meaning of parenting as being in five different domains: social, cognitive, emotional, physical and environmental. As for paternal roles, they thought that a fathers should serve as emotional supporters. The parenting difficulties that they faced were attributed to time constraints. Conclusion: For fathers, development of parent education programs that deal with early childhood parenting knowledge, communication methods and how to play with children according to their developmental stages are required, and qualitative research should be implemented to keep track of the process of changes in parenting characteristics.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.141-151
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• 1999

This study investigated the relationships between parental child-rearing practices in early childhood and the perceived self-efficacy of college students. Subjects were 322 students attending 4-year universities. The sample was 66.1% female and had a mean age of 19.9 years. Research was conducted using questionnaires and descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, t-tests were used for data description and analysis. The major findings were as follows: 1) The difference between boys and girls in terms of parental child-rearing practices perceived by children was found. Girls perceived their parents’child-rearing practices as being more positive in early childhood than those of boys. 2) The difference between male and female students in terms of the level of the self efficacy was not found. 3) The difference between paternal and maternal child-rearing practices perceived by children was found. Children perceived maternal child-rearing practices as being more positive in early childhood than paternal child-rearing practices. 4) Parental child-rearing practices in early childhood was rebated to the self-efficacy of college students. Children who perceived their parents’child-rearing practices as being more positive in early childhood had a higher level of self-efficacy. The results support the importance of parental child-rearing practices in early childhood on the developmental pathways of children.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제37권12호
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• pp.79-89
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop the generative fathering scale to measure fathers' active involvement of parenting. Subjects were 188 fathers of early childhood from Jeonju. To begin with, the concept of generative fathering was discussed in the theoretical review, and then the measurement was comprised of two dimensions(the parental involvement of fathers and paternal responsibility) The parental involvement of fathers : thirty of 37 items were selected through the item analysis, and that 30 items were analyzed by factor analysis. The result of factor analysis indicated that the parental involvement of fathers comprised of three factors(developmental support, caregiving and monitoring, shared activities). paternal responsibility : this was analyzed through the same process above, two factors(responsibility as a resource provider and responsibility as a child-rearing)were extracted by factor analysis. The construct validity was supported and the internal consistency of this two sub-scale appeared to be at an acceptable level, and were considered to be useful way to measure generative fathering.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1115-1124
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• 2008

Although parent-child relationships are fundamental aspects of human development across all societies, this relationship is also shaped in significant ways by culture. Therefore, the present study sought to determine whether adolescent autonomy was predicted in a similar or differential manner by several parent-adolescent variables consisting of parenting behavior, parental authority, and parents' educational attainment in samples of Chinese and American adolescents. The sample for this study included 418 Chinese adolescents and 226 American adolescents. Utilizing structural equation modeling, the results revealed that the effect of paternal authority on adolescent autonomy development is indirect, with the indirect effect being mediated by the authoritative parenting behaviors for both cultural groups. Therefore, the analyses for Chinese and European American youth generated similar association patterns, such that parenting behaviors served as a mediator in the relationship between paternal authority and adolescents' autonomy development. The significance of this present study is to contribute to existing knowledge in the field of adolescent development and to the literature on how parental behaviors and authority in collectivistic societies and individualist societies influence adolescent development.