• 제목/요약/키워드: passive control systems

검색결과 465건 처리시간 0.027초

Fabrication of a polymerase chain reaction micro-reactor using infrared heating

  • Im, Ki-Sik;Eun, Duk-Soo;Kong, Seong-Ho;Shin, Jang-Kyoo;Lee, Jong-Hyun
    • 센서학회지
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    • 제14권5호
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    • pp.337-342
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    • 2005
  • A silicon-based micro-reactor to amplify small amount of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been fabricated using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of DNA requires a precise and rapid temperature control. A Pt sensor is integrated directly in the chamber for real-time temperature measurement and an infrared lamp is used as external heating source for non-contact and rapid heating. In addition to the real-time temperature sensing, PCR needs a rapid thermocycling for effective PCR. For a fast thermal response, the thermal mass of the reactor chamber is minimized by removal of bulk silicon volume around the reactor using double-side KOH etching. The transparent optical property of silicon in the infrared wavelength range provides an efficient absorption of thermal energy into the reacting sample without being absorbed by silicon reactor chamber. It is confirmed that the fabricated micro-reactor could be heated up in less than 30 sec to the denaturation temperature by the external infrared lamp and cooled down in 30 sec to the annealing temperature by passive cooling.

Multiple failure criteria-based fragility curves for structures equipped with SATMDs

  • Bakhshinezhad, Sina;Mohebbi, Mohtasham
    • Earthquakes and Structures
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    • 제17권5호
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    • pp.463-475
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    • 2019
  • In this paper, a procedure to develop fragility curves of structures equipped with semi-active tuned mass dampers (SATMDs) considering multiple failure criteria has been presented while accounting for the uncertainties of the input excitation, structure and control device parameters. In this procedure, Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) method has been employed to generate 30 random SATMD-structure systems and nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) has been conducted under 20 earthquakes to determine the structural responses, where failure probabilities in each intensity level have been evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. For numerical analysis, an eight-story nonlinear shear building frame with bilinear hysteresis material behavior has been used. Fragility curves for the structure equipped with optimal SATMDs have been developed considering single and multiple failure criteria for different performance levels and compared with that of uncontrolled structure as well as structure controlled using passive tuned mass damper (TMD). Numerical analysis has shown the capability of SATMDs in significant enhancement of the seismic fragility of the nonlinear structure. Also, considering multiple failure criteria has led to increasing the fragility of the structure. Moreover, it is observed that the influence of the uncertainty of input excitation with respect to the other uncertainties is considerable.

Using friction dampers in retrofitting a steel structure with masonry infill panels

  • Zahrai, Seyed Mehdi;Moradi, Alireza;Moradi, Mohammadreza
    • Steel and Composite Structures
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.309-325
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    • 2015
  • A convenient procedure for seismic retrofit of existing buildings is to use passive control methods, like using friction dampers in steel frames with bracing systems. In this method, reduction of seismic demand and increase of ductility generally improve seismic performance of the structures. Some of its advantages are development of a stable rectangular hysteresis loop and independence on environmental conditions such as temperature and loading rate. In addition to friction dampers, masonry-infill panels improve the seismic resistance of steel structures by increasing lateral strength and stiffness and reducing story drifts. In this study, the effect of masonry-infill panels on seismic performance of a three-span four-story steel frame with Pall friction dampers is investigated. The results show that friction dampers in the steel frame increase the ductility and decrease the drift (to less than 1%). The infill panels fulfill their function during the imposed drift and increase structural strength. It can be concluded that infill panels together with friction dampers, reduced structural dynamic response. These infill panels dissipated input earthquake energy from 4% to 10%, depending on their thickness.

Family of smart tuned mass dampers with variable frequency under harmonic excitations and ground motions: closed-form evaluation

  • Sun, C.;Nagarajaiah, S.;Dick, A.J.
    • Smart Structures and Systems
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.319-341
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    • 2014
  • A family of smart tuned mass dampers (STMDs) with variable frequency and damping properties is analyzed under harmonic excitations and ground motions. Two types of STMDs are studied: one is realized by a semi-active independently variable stiffness (SAIVS) device and the other is realized by a pendulum with an adjustable length. Based on the feedback signal, the angle of the SAIVS device or the length of the pendulum is adjusted by using a servomotor such that the frequency of the STMD matches the dominant excitation frequency in real-time. Closed-form solutions are derived for the two types of STMDs under harmonic excitations and ground motions. Results indicate that a small damping ratio (zero damping is the best theoretically) and an appropriate mass ratio can produce significant reduction when compared to the case with no tuned mass damper. Experiments are conducted to verify the theoretical result of the smart pendulum TMD (SPTMD). Frequency tuning of the SPTMD is implemented through tracking and analyzing the signal of the excitation using a short time Fourier transformation (STFT) based control algorithm. It is found that the theoretical model can predict the structural responses well. Both the SAIVS STMD and the SPTMD can significantly attenuate the structural responses and outperform the conventional passive TMDs.

Along and across-wind vibration control of shear wall-frame buildings with flexible base by using passive dynamic absorbers

  • Ivan F. Huergo;Hugo Hernandez-Barrios;Roberto Gomez-Martinez
    • Wind and Structures
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    • 제38권1호
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    • pp.15-42
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    • 2024
  • A flexible-base coupled-two-beam (CTB) discrete model with equivalent tuned mass dampers is used to assess the effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) and different types of lateral resisting systems on the design of passive dynamic absorbers (PDAs) under the action of along-wind and across-wind loads due to vortex shedding. A total of five different PDAs are considered in this study: (1) tuned mass damper (TMD), (2) circular tuned sloshing damper (C-TSD), (3) rectangular tuned sloshing damper (R-TSD), (4) two-way liquid damper (TWLD) and (5) pendulum tuned mass damper (PTMD). By modifying the non-dimensional lateral stiffness ratio, the CTB model can consider lateral deformations varying from those of a flexural cantilever beam to those of a shear cantilever beam. The Monte Carlo simulation method was used to generate along-wind and across-wind loads correlated along the height of a real shear wall-frame building, which has similar fundamental periods of vibration and different modes of lateral deformation in the xz and yz planes, respectively. Ambient vibration tests were conducted on the building to identify its real lateral behavior and thus choose the most suitable parameters for the CTB model. Both alongwind and across-wind responses of the 144-meter-tall building were computed considering four soil types (hard rock, dense soil, stiff soil and soft soil) and a single PDA on its top, that is, 96 time-history analyses were carried out to assess the effect of SSI and lateral resisting system on the PDAs design. Based on the parametric analyses, the response significantly increases as the soil flexibility increases for both type of lateral wind loads, particularly for flexural-type deformations. The results show a great effectiveness of PDAs in controlling across-wind peak displacements and both along-wind and across-wind RMS accelerations, on the contrary, PDAs were ineffective in controlling along-wind peak displacements on all soil types and different kind of lateral deformation. Generally speaking, the maximum possible value of the PDA mass efficiency index increases as the soil flexibility increases, on the contrary, it decreases as the non-dimensional lateral stiffness ratio of the building increases; therefore, there is a significant increase of the vibration control effectiveness of PDAs for lateral flexural-type deformations on soft soils.

A Taxonomy of Workflow Architectures

  • Kim, Kwang-Hoon;Paik, Su-Ki
    • 정보기술과데이타베이스저널
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.97-108
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    • 1998
  • This paper proposes a conceptual taxonomy of architectures for workflow management systems. The systematic classification work is based on a framework for workflow architectures. The framework, consisting of generic-level, conceptual-level and implementation-level architectures, provides common architectural principles for designing a workflow management system. We define the taxonomy by considering the possibilities for centralization or distribution of data, control, and execution. That is, we take into account three criteria. How are the major components of a workflow model and system, like activities, roles, actors, and workcases, concretized in workflow architecture. Which of the components is represented as software modules of the workflow architecture\ulcorner And how are they configured and operating in the architecture\ulcorner The workflow components might be embodied, as active (processes or threads) modules or as passive (data) modules, in the software architecture of a workflow management system. One or combinations of the components might become software modules in the software architecture. Finally, they might be centralized or distributed. The distribution of the components should be broken into three: Vertically, Horizontally and Fully distributed. Through the combination of these aspects, we can conceptually generate about 64 software Architectures for a workflow management system. That is, it should be possible to comprehend and characterize all kinds of software architectures for workflow management systems including the current existing systems as well as future systems. We believe that this taxonomy is a significant contribution because it adds clarity, completeness, and global perspective to workflow architectural discussions. The vocabulary suggested here includes workflow levels and aspects, allowing very different architectures to be discussed, compared, and contrasted. Added clarity is obtained because similar architectures from different vendors that used different terminology and techniques can now be seen to be identical at the higher level. Much of the complexity can be removed by thinking of workflow systems. Therefore, it is used to categorize existing workflow architectures and suggest a plethora of new workflow architectures. Finally, the taxonomy can be used for sorting out gems and stones amongst the architectures possibly generated. Thus, it might be a guideline not only for characterizing the existing workflow management systems, but also for solving the long-term and short-term architectural research issues, such as dynamic changes in workflow, transactional workflow, dynamically evolving workflow, large-scale workflow, etc., that have been proposed in the literature.

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반도체광증폭기로 전송거리 확장된 2.5 Gb/s TDM-PON에서 버스트 효과에 의한 신호왜곡 분석 (The Burst Effect Analysis of 2.5 Gb/s TDM-PON Systems Using a SOA Link Extender)

  • 최보훈;이상수
    • 한국광학회지
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.6-11
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    • 2012
  • 256개의 ONU를 수용하며 50 km 전송거리를 갖는 차세대 시분할 수동광망(TDM-PON) 링크에 링크 확장기로 반도체 광증폭기가 적용되었다. 이 광증폭기의 이득은 25dB 였고 입력신호 변화에 따른 이득 자동조정장치는 사용되지 않았다. 상향 링크의 전체 광세기 범위는 58 dB 였고, 광증폭기로의 입력신호가 -30 dBm인 조건에서 링크의 $10^{-9}$ BER을 위한 수신감도는 -25 dBm였다. 그 입력세기가 -10 dBm인 경우 버스트 신호에 의한 증폭기의 이득 과도응답에 의한 초과펄스왜곡은 45% 였고 이로 인한 신호성능의 악화는 $10^{-12}$ BER 에서 1.55 dB의 페널티를 발생시켰다. 그러나 -15 dBm 이하의 입력조건에서는 페널티는 무시할 수준으로 급격히 낮아져서, 링크의 다이나믹 범위가 최소한 -15 dBm 까지는 보장되었다. 이 같이 측정된 입력신호의 다이나믹 범위는 50 km이상 장거리 그리고 수백개 이상의 다수가입자를 지원하는 차세대 수동광망에서 링크 확장기로 광증폭기가 사용되더라도 광증폭기 이득 자동조정장치를 사용하는 것이 필수적이지 않음을 의미한다.

Active Star를 이용한 FlexRay 네트워크 구현 (Implementation of FlexRay Network using Active Star)

  • 장인걸;전창하;이재경;정진균
    • 전자공학회논문지SC
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    • 제46권4호
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    • pp.17-22
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    • 2009
  • FlexRay는 차량의 성능향상과 많은 전자제어 유닛으로 인해 발생하는 배선 및 성능저하를 개선하기 위한 고성능 통신 시스템 네트워크의 표준이다. 최대 10Mbps의 데이터 전송 속도를 가지며 2개의 채널을 통해 동시에 전송할 수 있다. FlexRay 시스템을 하드웨어로 구현하기 위해 SDL로 설계된 결과를 토대로 Verilog HDL을 이용하여 설계하였고, Magna/Hynix 0.18 um 공정을 이용해 Synopsys Design Compiler를 사용해 합성하였다. FlexRay 시스템에서 여러 노드 사이의 통신 제어를 위해 active star와 passive star가 사용되는데 active star는 최대 10Mbps의 빠른 데이터 전송에 주로 쓰인다. 본 논문에서는 active star를 이용한 FlexRay 네트워크를 구현하기 위해 설계한 FlexRay 시스템 외에 active star를 제어하기 위한 별도의 controller를 구현하였고 하나의 송신노드에 두 개의 수신노드를 연결하여 각각의 수신노드에 다른 프레임 메시지를 전송하는 실험을 통하여 올바른 동작이 이뤄짐을 확인하였다.

외부접합형 카고메 감쇠시스템을 사용한 철근콘크리트 라멘조 공동주택 비탄성 지진 응답 제어 (Inelastic Seismic Response Control of the RC Framed Apartment Building Structures Using Exterior-Installed Kagome Damping System)

  • 허무원;천영수;이상현
    • 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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    • 제20권3호
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    • pp.58-65
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    • 2016
  • 이 논문은 지진응답을 감소시키기 위해 외부설치형 카고메 감쇠시스템의 유효성을 비선형 동적 해석 결과를 통해 나타내었다. 이전의 연구에 의해 제안된 카고메 감쇠시스템을 활용하여 본 연구에서는 등방성, 이선형 이력특성 및 설치구성이 새롭게 제안하였다. 또한, 외부접합형 카고메 감쇠시스템의 여러 가지 효과를 15층 및 20층 철근콘크리트 라멘조 아파트를 대상으로 검증하였다. 원구조물에 대한 감쇠장치 지지구조물의 강성비, 감쇠장치의 수량 및 설치 층수는 설계변수로 고려하였다. 수치해석결과, EKDS는 기존의 한 방향 층간에 설치되는 감쇠시스템과 비교할 때 더 작은 수를 적용하여도 두 방향의 지진하중을 감소시키는데 매우 효과적임을 입증되었다.

현장 파일럿 실험을 통한 광산배수 내 Fe, As, Mn 자연정화처리 효율평가 (A Field Study on the Application of Pilot-scale Vertical Flow Reactor System into the Removal of Fe, As and Mn in Mine Drainage)

  • 권오훈;박현성;이진수;지원현
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제53권6호
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    • pp.695-701
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    • 2020
  • 본 연구는 중성의 pH 조건에서 Fe, Mn, As이 포함된 복합오염수를 배출하는 광산배수의 수질특성을 모니터링하였다. 침출수를 처리하기 위해 모래와 석회석으로 이루어진 수직흐름반응조(VFR, Vertical Flow Reactor)와 제강슬래그와 석회석을 적용한 반응조(ZMR)로 구성된 현장파일럿 장치를 설치하여 약 6개월간 운영하였다. 광산배수 내 존재하는 Fe, Mn, As에 대한 현장파일럿 장치의 처리효율을 평가하였다. 중성의 알칼리 수질특성을 가진 D광산 침출수에 VFR와 ZMR 공정을 적용한 결과, pH와 알칼리도가 효과적으로 상승하여 Fe과 As가 99%이상 제거되었으며 Mn은 98%이상 제거하여 복합오염물질 처리가 가능함을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과를 통해 Fe, As, Mn이 포함된 소규모 광산배수에 자연정화기반의 공법이 적용가능함을 확인하였다.