• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2016

Trap effect of groove is evaluated in a lubricating system using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The simulation is based on the standard k-ε turbulence model and the discrete phase model (DPM) using a commercial CFD code FLUENT. The simulation results are also capable of showing the particle trajectories in flow field. Computational domain is meshed using the GAMBIT pre-processor. The various grooves are applied in order to improve lubrication characteristics such as reduction of friction loss, increase in load carrying capacity, and trapping of the wear particles. Trap effect of groove is investigated with variations in cross-sectional shape and Reynolds number in this research. Various cross-sectional shapes of groove (rectangular, triangle, U shaped, trapezoid, elliptical shapes) are considered to evaluate the trap effect in simplified two-dimensional sliding bearing. The particles are assumed to steel, and defined a single particle injection condition in various positions. The “reflect” boundary condition for discrete phase is applied to the wall boundary, and the “escape” boundary condition to “pressure inlet” and “pressure outlet” conditions. The streamlines are compared with particles trajectories in the groove. From the results of numerical analysis in the study, it is found that the cross-sectional shapes favorable to the creation of vortex and small eddy current are effective in terms of particle trapping effect. Moreover, it is found that the Reynolds number has a strong influence on the pattern of vortex or small eddy current in the groove, and that the pattern of the vortex or small eddy current affects the trap effect of the groove.

• 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 기존 파티클 스웜 최적화를 기반으로 추적 대상 객체의 이동 궤적을 이용하는 객체 추적기에서 시간 정보 활용의 문제점을 개선한 강인한 객체 추적 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 알고리즘은 추적 대상 객체와 유사한 특징을 가지는 변위들의 집합에 대한 위치들의 온라인 업데이트와 추적을 가능하게 한다. 객체들의 중첩을 검출하고 추적 대상의 위치를 결정하기 위해 궤적 정보와 변위들의 집합을 기반으로 적응적 파라미터를 사용하는 규칙기반 접근을 사용한다. 기존 알고리즘들과 비교해보면 제안하는 접근법은 가용한 정보를 복합적으로 사용함으로써 각종 임계값에 대한 적응적 조정을 가능하게 한다. 또한, 파티클 스웜 최적화에서 발산에 의한 손실과 불완전한 수렴의 문제를 해결하기 위해 효율적인 가중치 조절 함수를 제안하고 있다. 제안하는 가중치 조절 함수는 파티클들이 최적의 해에 수렴하기 이전에 전체 프레임 영역에서 탐색할 수 있도록 한다. 유사한 특징 조합을 가지는 다중 객체가 존재하는 환경에서 제안 알고리즘을 테스트한 결과, 기존 스웜 최적화 기반의 객체 추적기들에 비해 기존 유사 변위들에 대한 잘못된 추적을 현저히 줄이는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2022

본 연구는 대한해협 인근 입자추적 예측 기법의 정확도 개선을 위해서 해수유동 수치모델 결과를 이용하여 만든 입자추적 모델과 현장 관측 자료를 이용한 기계학습 기반 입자 추적 모델을 비교 및 분석하였다. 세부 연구 방법으로는 대한해협에서 관측된 표층 뜰개 이동 궤적 자료, 3개 관측소(가거도, 거제도, 교본초 관측소)의 조위 및 바람자료를 학습시켜 만든 기계 학습(선형 회귀, 의사결정나무) 기반 예측자료, 수치모델 예측자료(ROMS, MOHID)를 3가지 오차평가방법(CC, RMSE, NCLS)을 통해 비교하였다. 최종 결과로서 CC와 RMSE에서는 의사결정나무 모델의 예측 정확도가 가장 우수하였고 NCLS에서는 MOHID 모델의 예측 결과가 가장 우수하였다.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.97-108
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• 2012

하계 남강댐 방류수 유입에 의해 강하게 성층화된 남해 강진만에서 3차원 수치모델과 결합된 라그랑지안 입자추적모델링 실험을 통해 방류수의 거동 특성과 만내 평균 체류시간을 추정했다. 조위와 유속장, 수온장, 염분장에 대해 각각 스킬 분석(skill analysis)을 이용해 검증했고, 그 결과 대부분 85%가 넘는 재현율을 보였다. 방류 초기 투하한 입자는 노량수도와 대방수도를 통해 외해로 유출되었으나, 최대 방류시기에 투하한 입자는 남향하는 강한 밀도류에 의해 사천만, 진주만, 강진만으로 유입되었으며, 지형적 요인과 해수유동 특성상 외해로 유출되지 못하여 체류시간이 증가했다. 투하한 입자 전체의 평균 체류시간은 약 65.9 시간(약 2.75일)이며, 초기 방류시 투하한 입자의 평균 체류시간은 약 55~65 시간, 방류 종료시 투하한 입자는 약 60~70 시간이다. 방류량 최대시 투하한 입자는 약 70~80 시간으로 방류량이 증가하면서 체류시간이 약 10~20 시간 증가하는 양의 상관성(R = 0.81)으로 나타났고, 이는 강진만 생태계가 장기간 지속적으로 저염수에 의한 염분 충격을 받은 것으로 볼 수 있다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.21-35
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• 2009

The Asian dust storms which originated in the deserts of Mongolia and China transported particles to Korea and led to a high concentration of atmospheric particulate matters (PM) of more than $1000{\mu}g/m^3$ throughout the country in the spring, of 2007. Public concern, in Korea, about the possible adverse effects of these dust events has increased, as these dust storms can contain various air pollutants emitted from heavily industrialized eastern China. The objectives of this study were to understand the concentration characteristics of PM as a function of particle size between the Asian dust storm episodes and non-Asian dust period and to consider the mass size distribution of PM in the Asian dust storms and their water soluble ion species on the potential, possible effects on deposition levels in the three regions (nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar) of the human respiratory system. The size distribution of PM mass concentration during the Asian dust storms showed a peak in the coarse particle region due to the long-range transport of soil particles from the deserts of Mongolia and China, which was identified by HYSPLIT-4 model for backward trajectory analysis of air arriving in the sampling site of Iksan. During the non-Asian dust period, there were two different types in PM size distribution: bimodal distribution when low concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were observed, while unimodal distribution having a peak in fine particle region when high concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were showed. This unimodal distribution with high concentrations of fine particulate and secondary air pollutants such as ${SO_4}^{2-}$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${NH_4}^+$ was found to be due to the long-range transport of air pollutants from industrialized eastern China. During the Asian dust storms, the mean concentrations of PM that can be deposited in the nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar region were $128.8{\mu}g/m^3$, $216.5{\mu}g/m^3$, and $89.6{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. During the non-Asian dust period, the mean concentrations of PM that can be deposited in the nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar region were $8.4{\mu}g/m^3$, $9.5{\mu}g/m^3$ and $38.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.157-170
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• 2010

Air mass recirculation is a common characteristic in the coastal area as a result of the land-sea breeze circulation. This study simulates the recirculation of air mass over the Gwangyang Bay using WRF-FLEXPART and offers a basic information about the effective domain size that can reflect recirculation. For this purpose, WRF is set up four nested domains and three cases are selected. Subsequently FLEXPART is operated on the basis of WRF output. During the clear summer days with weak wind speed, particles that emitted from Yeosu national industrial complex and Gwangyang iron works flow into emission sources because of the land-sea breeze. When land-sea breeze is strengthen, the recirculation phenomena appears clearly. However particles aren't recirculated under weak synoptic condition. Also plume trajectory is analyzed and as a consequence, the smallest domain area have to be multiplied by 1.3 to understand recirculated dispersion pattern of particles.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.185-188
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• 2002

The objective of present paper is to apply a stereoscopic PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry) techiique for measuring the 3 dimensional flow structure of turbulent wake behind a marine propeller with 5 blades. It is essential to measure 3-components velocity fields for the investigation of complicated near-wake behind the propeller. The out-of-plane velocity component was measured using the particle images captured by two CCD cameras in the angular displacement configuration.400 instantaneous velocity fields were measured for each of few different blade phases of $0^{\circ},\;18^{\circ},\;36^{\circ}\;and\;54^{\circ}$. They were ensemble averaged to investigate the spatial evolution of the propeller wake in the region ranged from the trailing edge to the region of one propeller diameter(D) downstream. The phase-averaged velocity fields show the viscous wake formed by the boundary layers developed along the blade surfaces. Tip vortices were formed periodically and the slipstream contraction occurs in the near-wake region. The out-of-plane velocity component has large values at the tip and trailing votices. With going downstream, the axial turbulence intensity and the strength of tip vortices were decreased due to the visous dissipation, turbulence diffusion and blade-to-blade interaction. The blade wake traveling at higher speed with respect to the tip vortex overtakes and interacts with tip vortices formed from the previous blade. Tip vortices are separated from the wake and show oscillating trajectory

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.418-425
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• 2006

The present investigation deals with the study of the internal flow phenomena of the counterflow type vortex tube using experimental testing and numerical simulation. Visualization was carried out using the surface tracing method, injecting dye on the vortex tube wall using a needle. Vortex tube is made of acrylic to visualize the surface particle tracing and the input air pressure was varied from 0.1MPa to 0.3MPa. The experimentally visualized results on the tube show that there is an apparent sudden changing of the trajectory on the vortex tube wall which was observed in every experimental test case. This may indicate the stagnation position of the vortex flow. The visualized stagnation position moves towards the vortex generator with increase in cold flow ratio and input pressure. Three-dimensional computational study is also conducted to obtain more detailed flow information in the vortex tube. Calculated total pressure, static pressure and total temperature distributions in the vortex tube were in good agreement with the experimental data. The computational particle trace on the vortex tube wall is very similar to that observed in experiments.

• 한국가시화정보학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2004

A time-resolved two-phase PIV system using a single camera has been developed, which introduces a method of image separation into respective phase images, and is applied to freely rising single bubble. Gas bubble, tracer particle and background have different gray intensity ranges on the same image frame when reflection and dispersion in the phase interface are intrinsically eliminated by optical filters and fluorescent particles. Further, the signals of the two phases do not interfere with each other. Gas phase velocities are obtained from the separated bubble image by applying the two-frame PTV. On the other hand, liquid phase velocities are obtained from the tracer particle image by applying the cross-correlation algorithm. As a result, the bubble rises rectilinearly just after it is released from an injector and then has a zigzag motion in the far field. From the trajectory of the bubble, it is found that the period of the zigzag motion is closely related to the vortex shedding although the wavelength of it varies along its movement.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2022

The goal of pattern mining is to identify novel patterns in a database. High utility itemset mining (HUIM) is a research direction for pattern mining. This is different from frequent itemset mining (FIM), which additionally considers the quantity and profit of the commodity. Several algorithms have been used to mine high utility itemsets (HUIs). The original BPSO algorithm lacks local search capabilities in the subsequent stage, resulting in insufficient HUIs to be mined. Compared to the transfer function used in the original PSO algorithm, the V-shaped transfer function more sufficiently reflects the probability between the velocity and position change of the particles. Considering the influence of the acceleration factor on the particle motion mode and trajectory, a nonlinear acceleration strategy was used to enhance the search ability of the particles. Experiments show that the number of mined HUIs is 73% higher than that of the original BPSO algorithm, which indicates better performance of the proposed algorithm.