• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.503-510
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to find the biomechanical research project result carried out at 2011 IAAF World championship in Daegu. This project was approved by the International Amateur Athletic Federation(IAAF) and financially supported by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism(MCST) and, Korea Association of Athletics Federations(KAAF). The total number of the project members was 20, including the members of the Scientific Committee, the Korean Society of Sport Biomechanics(KSSB) and graduate students as assistants. The objective of this project has been to analyze the performance in the track events(100 m, 110 mH) and field events(Long Jump, High Jump, Triple Jump, Pole Vault, Javelin Throw and Shot Put). This project was focused on the biomechanical research only. This kind of analysis has been carried out at major competitions for more than a decade, as it provides coaches and athletes with very useful information as an aid to training programmes and competition preparation. The biomechanical analysis of the top athletes in the world in each specialty serves as a reference for assessing technique and rationalizing the results achieved. The results will be disseminated world-wide and coaches will be in a better position to design training strategies in line with current world trends.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

The ongoing Yongsan Park development project began in 1988 with the development of a utilization plan for the US Army base in Yongsan after the Army relocation. This study aimed to draw implications for the Yongsan Park project by focusing on Yongsan Family Park. Among the public records of Yongsan Park and Yongsan Family Park transferred to the Seoul Metropolitan Archives, 53 major records were analyzed. The results are as follows. First, Yongsan Family Park, built on the site of the US Army golf course in 1992, was considered a part of the Yongsan Park plan and holds status as the first phase of the Yongsan Park project. Second, despite its status, Yongsan Family Park opened as a temporary park occupied by urban facilities. A design and detailed roadmap of the development process is necessary to make Yongsan Park more resilient. Third, organizing and systematizing public records is necessary because lessons learned through past park development processes can be applied to the current project. This study is meaningful since it uncovered important issues of urban planning discussed in the process of Yongsan Family Park development through a complete analysis of public records, examined the linkage between Yongsan Family Park, which was not known until now, and the ongoing Yongsan Park project, and reaffirmed the importance of park archiving for long-term development projects.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.5D
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• pp.885-894
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is focused on the development of the effective classification technique using ultra multiband of hyperspectral image. This study suggests the classification technique using canonical correlation analysis, one of multivariate statistical analysis in hyperspectral image classification. High accuracy of classification result is expected for this classification technique as the number of bands increase. This technique is compared with Maximum Likelihood Classification(MLC). The hyperspectral image is the EO1-hyperion image acquired on September 2, 2001, and the number of bands for the experiment were chosen at 30, considering the band scope except the thermal band of Landsat TM. We chose the comparing base map as Ground Truth Data. We evaluate the accuracy by comparing this base map with the classification result image and performing overlay analysis visually. The result showed us that in MLC's case, it can't classify except water, and in case of water, it only classifies big lakes. But Canonical Correlation Classification (CCC) classifies the golf lawn exactly, and it classifies the highway line in the urban area well. In case of water, the ponds that are in golf ground area, the ponds in university, and pools are also classified well. As a result, although the training areas are selected without any trial and error, it was possible to get the exact classification result. Also, the ability to distinguish golf lawn from other vegetations in classification classes, and the ability to classify water was better than MLC technique. Conclusively, this CCC technique for hyperspectral image will be very useful for estimating harvest and detecting surface water. In advance, it will do an important role in the construction of GIS database using the spectral high resolution image, hyperspectral data.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2014

The water quality improvement of golf course ponds, as representative stagnant stream channels, was evaluated by applying a biological activated carbon (BAC) process composed of four consecutive activated carbon reactors. The study was performed from autumn to winter in order to evaluate the feasibility of the BAC process under low temperature conditions. In the study, water quality of pond A (target pond) and pond B (reference pond) were monitored. Pond water was pumped into the BAC process, and was then returned to the pond after treatment. The optimal conditions were determined to be 2 hr of empty bed contact time (EBCT) at a temperature above $4^{\circ}C$, in which improvements of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of pond A compared to pond B were 3.62%, 3.48% and 1.81%, respectively. On the other hand, as the temperature was below $4^{\circ}C$, some degree of water quality improvement was achieved even when EBCT were 1 or 0.5 hr, suggesting that the BAC process can be successfully applied for the improvement of pond water quality in winter months. The values of biomass concentration and microorganism activity in each condition were highest where 2 hr of EBCT was applied at a temperature above $4^{\circ}C$, but values were similar throughout all treatment conditions, and thus, adsorption is considered to be the dominant factor affecting process efficiency. From the denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) results, no significant differences were observed among the activated carbon reactors, suggesting that the number of reactors in the system could be decreased for a more compact application of the system.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.529-540
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinematic characteristics of $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ hurdle clearances during the final of the 110-m hurdles at the IAAF World Championships, Daegu 2011. To this end, the hurdling motions of the top 4 ranked male hurdlers in the competition were analyzed. A total of 12 cameras were used to record their motions, with a sampling frequency of 120 Hz. The cameras were calibrated using $11{\times}2{\times}1\;m$ control objects that covered all of the lanes (1st~8th lanes). After analyzing all the data, we arrived at the following results. In the take-off phase, all athletes revealed similar take-off times (CT), and similar distances from the take-off to hurdleto (L1) and hurdle to landing (L2). In particular, Turner, ranked $3^{rd}$, had an inconsistent L2 and may need further training to correct it. In the flight phase, Richardson, ranked $1^{st}$, showed the longest flight distance, whereas Xiang, who was ranked $2^{nd}$, showed the highest CG height from the hurdle. For the step patterns, to increase the pitch frequency, Richardson and Xiang used shorter 3-step lengths than Turner and Oliver.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.511-520
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to provide scientific information to track and field coaches and athletes through the analyses of the biomechanics characteristics of the top 4 sprinters in the men's 100 m final in the IAAF World Championships Daegu 2011. Twelve video cameras (Sony, Japan) were used to capture the mid portion of the race (40 m - 70 m) with a sampling frequency of 60Hz. Biomechanical variables including the right ankle, knee and hip angles, the trunk angle, and the velocity of center of mass (COM) in the running direction, were calculated with the Kwon 3D program (Visol, Korea). Correlation coefficients between the COM velocity and each variables were calculated using Matlab 2008a (MathWorks, USA) at an alpha level of 0.05. The findings indicated that Yohan Blake (JAM) showed greater range of motion at the ankle and hip. Walter Dix(USA) showed greater knee and trunk movement, and Kim Collins (SKN) showed more dorsi-flexed and extended trunk angles during the race. Finally, Christophe Lemaitre (FRA) showed more plantar-flexed ankle with a less trunk motion, throughout the analyzed race.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2010

The capacity of natural purification was limited by the interruption of natural flow and the problems such as eutrophication were occurred by nutritive salts accumulation in stagnant stream. Moreover, the inflow of non-point sources causes non-degradable materials to increase in stagnant stream. In this study, an upflow biological activated carbon (BAC) biofilm process comprised of anoxic, aerobic 1, and aerobic 2 reactors were introduced for treatment of stagnant stream and SS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, and TP were monitored in the upflow BAC biofilm reactors with continuous cycling. In order to simulate stagnant stream, the lake water of amusement park and golf course were stored as influent in a tank of $2m^3$ and hydraulic retention time (HRT) was changed into 6, 4, and 2 hours. At HRT 4hr and the lake water of amusement park as influent, the removal efficiencies of SS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, and TP showed the best water quality improvement and were 69.8, 83.0, 91.3, 74.1, 74.7, and 88.9%, respectively. At HRT 4hr and the lake water of golf course as influent, the removal efficiencies of SS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, $COD_{Cr}$, TN and TP were 78.5, 78.0, 80.2, 74.9, 55.6 and 97.5%, respectively. As the results of polymerase chain reaction - denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), microbial community was different depending on influent type. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that nitrifying bacteria was dominant at HRT 4 hr. The biomass amount and microbial activities by INT-DHA test were not decrease even at lower HRT condition. In this study, the upflow BAC biofilm process would be considered to the water quality improvement of stagnant stream.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between physical factors (X-factor, X-factor stretch) and club factors (club speed, ball speed, club path, smash factor, vertical launch angle, spin rate, flight time, total length) during impact and it affect on the total distance of the ball during a golf driver swing. Background : There were not enough studies that analyzed the correlation between physical factors(X-factor, X-factor stretch) and club factors(club speed, ball speed, club path, smash factor, launch angle, spin rate, flight time, total length) during a purpose swing to increase total distance. Method : For this study, 9 right handed professional male golfers (KPGA) were chosen. The test subject group used their own drivers and each took a total of 10 swings. These swings consisted of 5 purpose swings to increase total distance and 5 normal swings. Results : The purpose swing to increase total distance showed larger physical factors(X-factor, X-factor stretch) compared to a normal swing however the results were not statistically significant. Total distance increased during a purpose swing as a result of ball and club speed. Conclusion : The results showed that club factors, ball speed and club speed contributed the most in affecting the total distance of the ball during a purpose swing.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.8
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• pp.89-110
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• 2001

The purpose of this study were to examine the types of apparel store, to investigate consumer characteristics related to the apparel store patronage behaviors, and to find out the differences of casual relationships on apparel store patronage behaviors in store types. Data were collected from 451 consumers living in Pusan and analysed by factor analysis, ANOVA and path analysis. The results were as followings : First, the types of apparel store recognized by consumers were composed by five factors such as Casual-wear store, Traditional market store, Neighboring store, Department store, and Small-sized department store. Second, apparel store patronage behaviors have significant differences recreational and economic shopping orientations, Fashionability in store evaluative creteria, social psychologic risks in perceived risks, and observation store information source. Third, there were differences in casual relationships an apparel store patronage behaviors across store types. Casual-wear store patronage behaviors were directly influenced by the information source, and traditional market store patronage behaviors did by the perceived risk. Apparel shopping orientations directly influenced Neighboring store, and department store patronage behaviors. Evaluative creteria of store directly did small-sized department store. That is, consumer characteristics directly influencing to patronage behaviors were different across apparel store types. Therefore, the marketers of apparel store should understand consumer characteristics related to patronage behaviors and affecting variable and then try to encourage consumer's store patronage behavior.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2005

This study was conducted to carry out with the structure of ground-beetles(Coleoptera: Carabidae) community surveyed depending on altitude in Mt. Gabjangsan, Sangju, from August 2004 to October 2004. The 1,439 individuals in 15 species of 4 families were found in the survey. In the monthly taxa diversity, September of 697 individuals and 12 species was higher than August of 102 individuals and 8 species and October of 640 individuals and 5 families. The diversity index and evenness index were the lowest, but richness index was the highest in 800m altitude. The richness index was the highest in 400m altitude and evenness index was the highest in loom altitude. Synuchus cycloderus is a dominant species in 300-800m altitude and Synuchus nitidus is a dominant species in loom altitude. In these results, indicator insects for the evaluation of golf courses environment in mountain area construction were selected as S. cycloderus and S. nitidus.