• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.191-213
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship pattern among paternal parenting behaviors, father involvement, parenting stress, and parenting self- efficacy. The subjects were 299 fathers of 3 to 4 year-old children at 2 child care centers and 11 kindergartens in Seoul and the Gyunggi-do area. Fathers responded to a modified version of Parenting Daily Hassles(Crinc & Greeberg, 1990), a re vised version of Parenting Sense of Competence(Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978), and questionnaires including questions about parenting behaviors(Park, 2000) and father involvement developed by authors. Stepwise regression analyses showed that fathers' cognitive efficacy of parenting and the frequency of play involvement on weekdays significantly explained paternal 'warmth encouragement'. Also, cognitive efficacy and the frequency and time amount of play involvement on weekdays significantly explained paternal 'setting up the limitations'. Meanwhile, fathers' emotional efficacy and the amount of play time involvement on weekdays significantly explained paternal 'over-protection permission'. Finally, the cognitive and emotional efficacy of rearing and parenting stress significantly explained paternal 'rejection non-intervention'.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.613-622
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate infants' development, parenting characteristics, and the infants' daily routines by monthly family income, and examine variables related to infants' development. The 2010 data of the panel study on Koreans were used. The sample for this analysis was 1,802 children aged 21-23 months and their parents. The data were analyzed with ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS version 18.0. The results were as follows: First, the development of infants differed by the family income. Infants' communication and problem solving skills in families with an income at the 25th percentile or below was lower than those above the 25th percentile. Second, parenting characteristics differed by family income. In the lower income group, the mother's parenting stress was highest, but the father's parenting time on weekends was lowest. Third, the most frequent activity of infants differed by family income. Playing with friends or caregivers was lowest, but watching TV and videos was highest in the lower income family group. Fourth, there was a relation among infants' development (communication and fine motor skills) and parenting characteristics (mother's parenting style, stress, and father's parenting time on weekends), and the infants' daily routines (playing with friends or caregivers). Fine motor development was affected by playing with a caregiver.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the employed mother's work-mother role conflict according to the mother's work variables and parenting time. For this purpose, 202 employed mothers in dual-income family answered the questionnaire. The data were analysed by t-test, F-test, correlations and regressions. The findings of this study were: 1. Mother's role conflict showed significant difference and relationship in mother's work variables(flexibility of duty, irregular duty). 2. Mother's role conflict showed significant difference and relationship in mother's parenting time(mother-child activities, parenting time). 3. Employed mother's flexibility of duty and parenting time were correlated positively with mother's role conflict. Mother's irregular duty and mother-child activities were negatively with mother's role conflict. 4. Employed mother's work variables and parenting time influenced the mother's rolr conflict.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-119
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• 2013

The actual time fathers spend in childcare has not increased much in spite of recent attention paid to nurturing their children and changes in the fathers' role. In this study, parenting time is measured by time spent in childcare, shared housework, and shared leisure. In this way, this study seeks to analyze trends in fathers' time spent with children and the factors that influence fathers' participation in parenting. The data source for this study was the 2009 Korean Time Use Survey. The main results of this research are as follows: First, when measuring childcare time as a primary activity, fathers' time spent in parenting averaged 17 minutes on weekdays and 32 minutes on Sundays. This extended to 44 minutes on weekdays and 166 minutes on Sundays when including the secondary childcare time and the shared time with their children while doing housework or leisure. Second, fathers' probability of participating in childcare was higher for fathers who had shorter working hours, younger children, higher spouse average monthly income, and a college or higher education level. The variable that influenced fathers' participation in shared housework on weekdays was working hours. On Sundays, the variables were working hours, age of the youngest child, and the type of occupation. Fathers' participation in shared leisure was influenced by father's working hours, number of children, age of the youngest child, and type of occupation on weekdays. On Sundays, it was influenced by working hours and the age of the youngest child.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.71-79
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between preschoolers'theory of mind and parenting style. The mothers of 66 3- and 4-year-olds were given questionnaires eliciting information about parenting style, SES, number of younger and older siblings, the time child spends with mother. Three variables were positively correlated with theory of mind: age, number of older siblings, and affective parenting style. The time spent with mother was negatively correlated with theory of mind. Factors most strongly affecting theory of mind were child's age and mother's affective parenting style. The resets are consistent with recent research showing that parenting style may be important for theory of mind understanding.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.47-64
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between parents' affectionate parenting behavior, preschooler's effortful control, and conscience. In this study, the subjects consisted of 335 preschoolers ($M_{month}=65.86$) and their parents. The major results of this study were as follows. First, there were positive correlations between parents' affectionate parenting behavior, preschooler's effortful control, and conscience. Second, preschooler's effortful control mediated the effects of affectionate parenting behavior upon preschooler's conscience. Third, preschooler's effortful control(Time 1) had effects upon conscience(Time 2). In conclusion, this study revealed that parents' affectionate parenting behavior and preschooler's effortful control can have a significant impact on the level of preschooler's conscience.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.197-206
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of parenting on job satisfaction and psychological well-being in employed women, with moderating effects of marital stress. The present study was based on a sample of 258 full-time employed women aged 30-49 in dual-earner families. The effects of parenting experiences on job satisfaction and psychological well-being were examined separately for women with low and high marital stress. Both parenting rewards and costs were significantly associated with psychological well-being in women with high marital stress. For women with low marital stress, parenting rewards and costs did not predict psychological well-being. Among women with high marital stress, parenting rewards were positively associated with psychological well-being and parenting costs were negatively associated with psychological well-being. In contrast, only parenting costs were a good predictor of job satisfaction for women with high marital stress. In conclusion, the effects of parenting experiences on job satisfaction and psychological well-being were mediated by the level of marital stress in employed women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.131-141
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• 2024

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a twilight childcare programs for grandparents. The study used a non-equivalent control group and pretest-posttest design. It was conducted from September 1 to November 30, 2023 at senior centers in apartment complex in K city. It analyzed 45 (22 in the experimental group and 23 in the control group.) For data analysis, descriptive statistics, test of homogeneity in pretest, independent t-tests, and repeated measures ANOVA were used. In parenting confidence, the interaction between group and time showed a significant difference (F=30.54, p<.001). In Parenting Stress, the interaction between group and time showed a significant difference(F=10.68, p<.001), For Family Relationships, there was no significant difference in the interaction between group and time. A significant difference was found for life satisfaction(F=3.37, p=.047). This program is effective in increasing parenting confidence and life satisfaction, and reducing parenting stress.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2010

This study introduces the construct of meta-parenting or a superordinate category of effortful cognition, including anticipation, assessment, reflection and problems. Also, it aims to analyse meta-parenting in terms of demographic variables and investigate how it relates to other cognitions on parenting and parenting behaviors. One hundred seventy three mothers of preschool children were surveyed on Hawk's (2007) Meta-Parenting, Sameroff and Feil's (1985) Concepts of Development, Stipek, Danniels, Galluzzo, & Milburn's (1992) Activities Sub-scales. They also commented on their views of appropriate methods of child-rearing and the starting age of extra-curricula activity and the number of extra-curricula activities. The main results were as follows: Mothers showed the highest score on assessment followed by anticipation, reflection and problems while these four components of meta-parenting were highly correlated to each other. Among demographic variables, only the mothers' age and education were linked to some component of meta-parenting. Meta-parenting was correlated with complexity of thinking but not with views on appropriate methods of child-rearing. Also, meta-parenting was associated with formal and informal activities at home and the beginning time of providing the extra-curricula activity with the total number of extra-curricula activities provided at present.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.38-50
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to explore Korean divorced mothers' experiences with child support. The data were collected from 17 Korean divorced mothers who were divorced between the years of 2004 and 2009 and were raising at least one minor child. Data were analyzed based on the inductive data analysis method. Most mothers negotiated to receive child support from noncustodial fathers without experiencing much conflict with the fathers at the time of the divorce, but only five mothers received child support at the time of the interviews. The mothers experienced difficulties in receiving child support from the fathers under the child support policy in Korea that treated child support as a personal issue and provided little systemic support for child support. Regarding required parenting agreements, most of the mothers acknowledged the need to have parenting agreements but they still wanted voluntary payment of the child support from the fathers. The results suggest that it is necessary to expand parenting education for divorced parents to encourage voluntary participation in parenting and to improve the child support policy by introducing child support guidelines and enhancing child support collection systems.