• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.79-86
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• 2024

This research is conducted in order to analyze the student's academic performance at the secondary school level in Sindh province of Pakistan. The study was focused on the students who have passed the Matriculation level recently. The sample of size equal to 1097 secondary level students was randomly selected in a way that from each college roughly up to 150 students took part in the survey. The sample selection was further divided on gender (Male=448, Female=649) and Locale (Urban=456, Rural=641). A survey questionnaire was circulated for data collection. The statistical analysis based on Pearson's Chi-Square and Correlation models were carried out using the collected data. The conclusion was drawn from results that strongly revealed that the student's academic achievement at high school level was highly associated to their parent's educational level and socio-economic background. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the financial condition of the population must be enhanced by taking suitable measures. The affected students should be awarded adequate financial assistance or scholarships to face such hardships of their learning career. Free laptops, learning materials, books, and stationery should also be provided.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.307-324
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among maternal behavior, their children's social competence and the variables related to maternal employment. The subjects were 245 4th-6th grade elementary school children and their working-mother. Park, and Lee(1990)'s KMBI and Pease et al.(1979)'s ISCS were used to measure maternal child-rearing behavior and children's social competence respectively. The major findings were as follows : 1. The significant differences in children's social competence were found according to mother's satisfaction with job and preference to job, the degree of father's support, birth order, income level, and father's educational level. 2. The significant differences in mother's child-rearing behavior were found according to mother's preference to job and the motivation of employment, the degree of father's practical support, and parental educational level. 3. Through the path analysis, maternal employment variables related directly or indirectly to each factor of social competence were identified.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.13-27
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• 2012

This study explored the parental belief types of mothers who had defected from North Korea and found out its relationship to the mother's child-rearing behaviors and socio-demographical variables and the child's age. 89 mothers who had defected from North Korea with the youngest child being under 20 years old, responded to the questionnaire. The data were statistically analyzed by cluster analysis, MANOVA, and $X^2$-test. The results showed that the parental beliefs were clustered into 3 types: 'high child- and parent-centered & low cultural transformation'(cluster 1)(37.08%), 'low child- and parent-centered & middle cultural transformation'(cluster 2)(46.03%), and 'high child- and parent-centered & high cultural transformation'(cluster 3)(16.85%). The differences among the clusters were found in the warmth-acceptance and rejection-restriction dimensions of the mother's child-rearing behaviors. The frequencies of each cluster were meaningfully different depending on the mother's age, educational level, length of residence in South Korea, and their child's age. Based on these findings, the implications and suggestions were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.25-38
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate how parents saw the relationship between early years educational institutions and parents, and how these perceptions were influenced by parental background factors. A total of 334 parents who sent their child to a kindergarten participated in this study. The collected data were analyzed by Chisquared test, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows. First, parents had a high level of interest in their child's education, but little actual knowledge about the contents and strategies of education in the kindergarten setting. Second, regarding parental participation in early childhood education institutions, necessity for parents's involvement in the institutions was relatively higher than the average. Third, when considering the relationship between staff in early childhood education institutions, i.e. kindergartens, and parents both teachers and parents hoped to form a relationship in which they could freely exchange their opinions.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.224-239
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• 2000

This descriptive study was conducted to understand the contents and degree of parental stress level in the NICU patients, and to give a baseline data in developing nursing intervention program. Subjects were the 62 mother of hospitalized newborn in NICU of 1 University Hospital in Taejon City from May 1st, 1999 to November 30th, 1999, who agreed to take part in this study. The instrument used in this study were Parental Stressor Scales : NICU(PSS:NICU) developed by Miles et al. and validated by 3 NICU practitioners and 3 child health nursing faculties. The questionnaire has 4 dimensions and 45 items; sight and sounds of NICU(5 items), babies' appearance and behavior(19 items), parental role alteration and relationship with their baby(10 items), communication with health team(11 items). The questionnaire asks parents to rate each item on a five-point Likert type scale that ranges from (1) to (5). Total scores representing overall stress from the NICU environment are calculated by summing response to each item. A high score indicates high stress. A subscale score is calculated by summing the responses to each item in the subscale. Cronbach's α coefficients were .93. The data was analyzed as average, Frequency, Standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient by use of SPSS/PC+. The results of this study is summarized as follows ; 1. The total perceived stress level score of mothers was slightly high(3.6±.7). The highest scored dimension was 'appearance and behavior of the baby'(3.9±1.5), and next were 'relationship with their baby and parental role change'(3.5±1.4), 'communication with health team'(3.4±.9), 'sight and sounds of NICU'(3.2±.8). 2. Two variables were statistically significant with PSS:NICU total scale ; mother's perceived severity of the baby's condition (r=.482, P=.002) and mother's religious attendance(t=2.83, P=.01). The more the mother perceive their baby's condition severe, the higher the total stress score. There were high stress score noted in the mother of no religious attendance. 3. Four variables were statistically significant with NICU environment subscale ; mother's educational background(F=3.45, P=.04), religious attendance(t=2.28, P=.04), sex of the baby(t=2.83, P=.01) and NICU patients' hospital day(r=.359, P=.004). That is mother with high educational background and girl baby were high NICU environment subscale score. 4. Four variables were statistically significant with appearance and behavior of the baby subscale ; when first saw baby(F=3.52, P=.04), incubator care(t=2.83, P=.01), mother's perceived severity of the baby's condition(r=.303, P=.017), number of NICU visit(r=.441, P=.002). That is, seeing the baby first in the NICU and recieved incubator care was very stressful. Also, the more the mother perceive their baby's condition severe and more NICU visit, the higher the appearance and behavior of the baby subscale stress score. 5. Four variables were statistically significant with relationship with their baby and parental role change subscale ; when first saw baby(F=3.37, P=.04), sex of the baby(t=2.36, P=.03), incubator care(t=5.60, P=.00), mother's perceived severity of the baby's condition(r=.401, P=.001). That is, seeing the baby first in the NICU and girl baby was very stressful. Also, the more the mother perceive their baby's condition severe, the higher the relationship with their baby and parental role change subscale stress score. 6. Three variables were statistically significant with communication with health team subscale ; mother's educational background (F=3.63, P=.04), incubator care(t=4.24, P=.00), gestational age(r=-.394, P=.047), and birth weight(r=-.460, P=.004). That is, mother with high educational background and receiving incubator care were high communication with health team subscale score. Also, the shorter the gestational age and smaller the baby's birth weight, the higher the communication with health team subscale score. In conclusion, information about physical environment of NICU, the mother's perceived severity of baby's illness state, maternal role change related variables and the knowledge of characteristics of NICU patients must be included in nursing intervention program of mother's of NICU patients in reducing the maternal stress and anxiety level.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.19-36
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the changes and predictive factors of mothers' parenting competencies during their children's second to third grades in primary school. Methods: We used the data from the Panel study of Korean Parental Educational Involvement. We classified 373 mothers into three groups, 'reduced' parenting competency, 'maintained' parenting competency, and 'increased' parenting competency, and conducted one-way variance analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results: First, the mothers' parenting competency decreased between their children's 2nd year and 3rd year in primary school. Second, the 'reduced', 'maintained', and 'increased' groups differed from each other in the degree of change in self-system competency, level of understanding of school life, number of counseling sessions with homeroom teachers, and social networking. Third, the degree of change in self-system competency and social networking predicted the increase in mothers' parenting competency. The degree of change in self-system competency and the level of understanding of school life predicted the maintenance of mothers' parenting competency. Conclusion/Implications: This study, for the first time, has revealed the change in mothers' parenting competency and its predictive factors after the second year in primary school. How to support the growth of mothers' parenting competency was also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.5-30
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop and empirically evaluate a theoretical model that delineated the processes whereby parents' socioeconomic status affected students'academic achievement via parental support and students' ego-resilience. The proposed model was tested with the first and second wave of a cohort sample of the first grade middle school students from the Korean Children Youth Panel survey by using linear structural relations techniques. The results of analysis showed firstly that parents' socioeconomic status, parental support and students' ego-resilience directly affected the level of students'academic achievement with statistical significance. Secondly, parental support, the proxy of social capital of the family, was contingent upon the parents'socioeconomic status. Thirdly, in addition to its direct effect, parents'socioeconomic status gave indirect effect on students' academic performance through parental support and ego-resilience. Based upon these results implications for social work intervention were provided.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.335-348
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to identify: (a) the latent profiles of the difficulties associated with the schoolto-work transition (decline in confidence, mood swings, family disagreements, the burdens of familial expectations, economic hardship, and a lack of support) made by university students, (b) predictors (gender, age, grade, university location, co-residence with parents on weekdays, monthly household income, and parental educational attainment) of these profiles, and (c) how the profiles were associated with mental wellbeing. The participants of this study were 311 senior or above students (164 males and 147 females) under the age of 29, who were unmarried and preparing for employment. The findings of this study were as follows. First, the latent profile analysis revealed three distinct profiles: the "low overall difficulties" type (25.4%), the "moderate overall difficulties" type (49.9%), and the "high overall difficulties" type (24.7%). Second, the factors that predicted each profile included gender, age, co-residence with parents on weekdays, monthly household income, and parental educational attainment. Third, the "low overall difficulties" type demonstrated the highest level of mental well-being (emotional, social, and psychological well-being). This study was significant for examining the latent profiles of the difficulties associated with the school-to-work transition made by university students preparing for employment, while also exploring their mental well-being. Based on the results of this study, practical implications, limitations, and suggestions for further study were discussed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.41-54
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of husband's emotional support and mother-teacher partnership on maternal parenting stress. The participants in this study consisted of 216 mothers with children(aged 4-5years). Husband's emotional support was measured by the Parenting Alliance Inventory(PAI, R. R. Abidin, 1988) revised by R. R. Abidin and J. F. Brunner(1995). Mother-teacher partnership was measured using the Caregiver-Parent Partnership Scale(A. M. Ware, B. Barfoot, A. S. Rusher & M. T. Owen, 1995) revised by M. T. Owen, A. M. Ware and B. Barfoot(2000). Parental Stress was measured by the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form(PSI-SF, R. R. Abidin, 1995) revised by M. E. Haskett, L. S. Ahern, C. S. Ward and J. C. Allaire(2006). The data were analyzed through mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression. The results of this study were as follows: First, the mean score of husband's emotional support was higher than average and the mean score of mother-teacher partnership was an average level. Parenting stress was lower than average. Second, there were statistically differences in maternal parental stress according to number of children and mother's educational level. Third, husband's emotional support and mother-teacher partnership were influenced by maternal parental stress. The results of this study are important because they show mothers, fathers, and teachers ways to reduce maternal parental stress.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-55
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to clarify variables affecting time management practice and the relationship between the practice and academic achievement of middle school students. Questionnaires including a time management scale were used for this study and the survey data were taken from 352 middle school students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The statistical methods for the analysis were frequency, percentage, average, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. The variables affecting student time management were gender, their standard of living, parental educational level and parental occupation. Religion and residential area were indicated as variables affecting several subscales of time management but the academic year of student had no effect on student time management behavior. The relationship between time management and the academic achievement of middle school students was slightly positive. Developing programs for time management in the field of family resource management is also necessary.