• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.201-206
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• 2013

The second-order rate constants have been measured spectrophotometrically for the reactions of paraoxon 1 and parathion 2 with a series of alicyclic secondary amines, $OH^-$ and $HOO^-$ ions in $H_2O$ at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. A linear Br${\o}$nsted-type plot with ${\beta}_{nuc}$ = 0.40 was obtained for the reactions of 1 with amines and $OH^-$. The reaction has been concluded to proceed through a concerted mechanism. $HOO^-$ deviates positively from the linear Br${\o}$nsted-type plot, implying that the ${\alpha}$-effect is operative. The magnitude of the ${\alpha}$-effect ($k_{HOO^-}/k_{OH^-}$) was found to be ca. 55 for the reaction of 1 and 290 for that of parathion 2, indicating that $HOO^-$ is highly effective in decomposition of the toxic phosphorus compounds although it is over 4 $pK_a$ units less basic than $OH^-$. Among the theories suggested as origins of the ${\alpha}$-effect (e.g., TS stabilization through an intramolecular Hbonding interaction, solvent effect, and polarizability effect), polarizability effect appears to be the most important factor for the ${\alpha}$-effect in this study, since the polarizable $HOO^-$ exhibits a larger ${\alpha}$-effect for the reaction of the more polarizable substrate 2.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 1987

수종(數種)의 과채류(果菜類)에 대(對)한 농약(農藥)의 잔류량(殘留量)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 채소류(菜蔬類)(무우, 배추, 오이, 도마토)에서의 MEP, Malathion이 검출(檢出)빈도가 비교적 높았으며, Parathion, Captan은 전시료(全試料)에서 부검출(不檢出)되었으며 검출(檢出)된 농약(農藥)의 잔류량(殘留量)도 낮은 수준(水準)으로서 허용기준(許容基準)의 $\frac{1}{3}{\sim}\frac{1}{66}$이었다. 2. 과실류(果實類)(포도, 복숭아)에서는 MEP, PAP, Parathion의 검출(檢出)빈도가 높았고 Diazinon, Captan은 전시료(全試料)에서 부검출(不檢出)되었다. 검출(檢出)된 농약잔류량(農藥殘留量)은 극히 낮은 수준(水準)으로서 허용기준(許容基準)의 $\frac{1}{8}{\sim}\frac{1}{500}$이었다. 3. 국내생산(國內生産) 과채류중(果菜類中)의 농약잔류량(農藥殘留量)은 국내외(國內外)의 잔류허용기준(殘留許容基準)에 훨씬 미달(未達)되는 수준(水準)이었으며 그 잔류량(殘留量)도 세정(洗淨)이나 조리과정(調理過程)에서 상당한 량(量)이 제거(除去)될 것으로 생각되므로 실제로 인체에 섭취(攝取)되는 잔류농약(殘留農藥)의 량(量)은 적을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생물학회 2004년도 학술대회
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• pp.114-115
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• 2004

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2006

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) contents in the sewage sludge derived from the residential and industrial areas were determined in order to characterize contemporary organic contamination levels as a part of the ongoing development of the environmentally sound sewage sludge management strategy in Korea. OPPs were extracted from freeze-dried sludges in a ultrasonic extractor. The extracts were cleaned-up by florisil column and subsequently fed into gas chromatograph/nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC/NPD) for determining OPP contents. Diazinon, dimethoate, disulfoton, EPN, malathion, methyl parathion, parathion, phorate and sulfotep were present in the appreciable amount in the domestic sewage sludges. The sum of the 9 OPPs in the sewage sludge varied from 534.8 to 15552.1 ${\mu}g/kg$, dry wt..

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.185-189
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• 1994

This study was to investigate time-dependent degradation process under various pH condition for organophosphorus(org-p) insecticides, namely Demeton-s-methyl, diazinon, Parathion, Phenthoate, and EPN in several waters. They were analysed by GC-FTD according to standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. In pH=4, diazinon showed disappearance after 14 days in chromatogram. In pH=11, org-p insecticides were almost degradable after 7 days. In this condition, effect of pH on degradation process was greater than of light. In pH=7, org-p insecticides persisted residues after 112 days except Demeton-s-methyl. In BOD5 120, 250 ppm and domestic water, org-p insecticides showed also rapid degradation process.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.101-109
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• 1994

Acute toxicity of heavy metals( mercury, cadmium lead, chromium and copper ), organophosphours insecticides( EPN, 2, 4- D, and parathion ), and other chemicals( arsenic, cyanide, and phenol ) to Daphnia magna was analyzed. Acute toxicity of heavy metals, organophosphours insecticides and other chemicals on Daphnia magna, LC$_{50}$ was showed 0.07-0.73mg/1, 0.22-1.94mg/t and 1.73-39.92mg/1 respectively. Daphnia magna to most of toxic chemicals was sensitive and then it seems to be useful except phenol in toxic test of water. Toxic chemicals were classified as Group 1 which had a high LC$_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity according to the increase of concentration, Group 2 which had a high LC$_{50}$ value and the high increase rate of toxicity, Group 3 which had a low LC$_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity. To Daphnia magna, lead, chromium, EPN, and parathion were included in Group 1; Mercury and copper in Group 2; Arsenic and cadmium in Group 3; Cyanide 2,4- D, and phenol in Group 4.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.222-225
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• 2000

A series of conformationally controlled 2-PAM derivatives were prepared from 2-acetylpyridine and 2,3-pyrido[b]cycloalkenones in two steps and their reactivities towards parathion poisoned AChE were evaluated. The most planar 2,3-pyrido[b]cyclohexanone oxime methiodide showed an activity comparable to 2-PAM Implying E-syn is that the most active comformation of 2-PAM in the biological system.

• 한국영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국영양학회 2003년도 연합학술대회
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• pp.182.1-182.1
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• 2003

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.131-137
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• 1988

배와 단감중 농약잔류량을 조사하기 위해 전국 주산단지에서 각 30점씩 1985년 에 채취, 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 배의 경우 7~60%의 시료에서 잔류농약이 검출되었으나 잔류수준은 매우 낮았다. 검출시료의 평균잔류량은 잔류허용기준에 크게 미달되었으며 조사최대치의 경우에도 잔류허용기준의 1/53~2/3에 불과하였다. 2. 검출농약의 잔류분포를 보면 captan과 captafol은 75~80%가 0.2ppm 이하로, dicofol은 77%가 0.1ppm 이하로 parathion은 60%가 0.05ppm 이하로 검출되었다. 3. 한편 배 과일의 부분별 잔류분포를 조사한 결과 배 중 잔류농약의 대부분이 과피에 잔류하고 과육에는 18~29% 잔류하였다. 4. 단감의 경우는 captan, captafol, EPN, parathion 및 phenthoate가 3~20%의 시료에서 검출되었으나 잔류수준은 매우 낮았으며 조사최대치의 경우에도 잔류허용기준에 크게 미달하였다. 본 조사결과는 배와 단감이 사과와 더불어 우리나라의 중요수출농산물인 만큼 농산물 국제무역에서 장애요인의 하나인 농약 잔류문제에 대처하고 또한 식품별 잔류허용기준설정에 중요한 기초 자료로 활용될 것이다..

• 환경위생공학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.46-58
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• 1995

Acute toxicity of heavy metals( Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Copper ), Organophosphorus insecticides( EPN, 2, 4- D, and Parathion ), and other chemicals( Arsenic, Cyanide, and Phenol) to Daphnia magna, and Vibrio fischeri was analysed. Daphnia magna to most toxic chemicals was most sensitive among test organisms alld then Daphnia magna seems to be more useful in toxic test of water. Daphnia magna was more sensitive to heavy metals than insecticides and other chemicals. The sensitivity of Visrio JircAeri to heavy metals was not so different from that to insecticides and the sensitivity to other chemicals was low. Visrio JircAeri appears to be more sensitive to toxic chemicals than Photobacterium phosphoreum, which was compared as recorded values of P.phosphoreum. Toxic chemicals were classified as Group 1 which had a high $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity according to the increase of concentration, Group 2 which had a high $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the high increase rate of toxicity, Group 3 which had a low $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the high increase rate of toxicity, and Group 4 which had a low $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity. To Daphnia magna, Lead, Chromium EPN, and Parathion were included in Group 1 : Mercury and Copper in Group 2 : Arsonic and Cadmium in Group 3 : Cyanide, 2, 4-B, and Phenol in Group 4. To Visrio JircAeri, Lead, Chromiurl 2, 4- D, and Parathion were included in Group 1 : Merecury, Cadmium and Arsenic in Group 2 : Cyanide in Group 3 : EPN, Copper, and Phenol in Group 4.