• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.507-518
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• 2002

A multiple-trait stochastic computer simulation model was constructed to predict the breeding schemes and selection methods on Hanwoo(Korean cattle). The model could be used four kinds of selection criteria (random, phenotype and true or estimated breeding values). At the test run in various population size for 20 years, all estimated parameters of the each simulated populations were resulted similar to input parameters. The deviations between input and output values of parameter in the large population were smaller than in the small population. The simulated results obtained from ten small populations consisted with one sire and ten dams in each population for 500 years were as follows; Inbreeding coefficients of population were similar to theoretical estimating function. Mean values of each traits selected were randomly drifted by generation, but they were converged into a value when inbreeding coefficients came close to one. Additive genetic variances within each population were reduced by generation, and they were converged into zero when inbreeding coefficients came close to one. These results indicated that the simulated populations hold to statistical properties of input parameters.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.291-302
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• 2004

Blast-induced anisotropic rock damage around a blast-hole was analyzed by a using numerical method with user-defined subroutine based on continuum damage mechanics. Anisotropic blasting pressure was evaluated by applying anisotropic ruck characteristics to analytical solution which is a function of explosive and rock properties. Anisotropic rock damage was evaluated by applying the proposed anisotropic blasting pressure. Blast-induced isotropic rock damage was also analyzed. User-defined subroutines to solve anisotropic and isotropic damage model were coded. Initial rock damages in natural ruck were considered in anisotropic and isotropic damage models. Blasting pressure and elastic modulus of rock were major influential parameters from parametric analysis results of isotropic rock damage. From the results of anisotropic rock damage analysis, blasting pressure was the most influential parameter. Anisotropic rock damage area in horizontal direction was approximately 34% larger and about 12% smaller in vertical direction comparing with isotropic rock damage area. Isotropic rock damage area under fully coupled charge condition was around 30 times larger than that under decoupled charge condition. Blasting pressure under fully coupled charge condition was estimated to be more than 10 times larger than that of decoupled charge condition.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 1986

This study is focused on the correct measurement of the equations for the determination of the impedance parameters-the differential capacity of the double layer $C_d$, solution resistance $R_Q$, transfer resitance $R_i$, and adsorption pseudcapacity $C_{\phi}$/ The application of only an imaginary part of complex function of ${\omega}$ at the sinusoidal steady state indicates the following equations of total impedance: at low frequency $|Z_{LF}|=1/{\omega}_1\;C_{\phi}\;{\sqrt{1+{{\omega}_1}^2/{\omega}^2}$, at high frequency $|Z_{HF}|={\omega}_2/({\omega}_1{\omega}_3C{\phi})({\omega}^2+{{\omega}_2}^2)\;{\sqrt{{({\omega}^2+{\omega}_2{\omega}_3)}^2+{({\omega}_2{\omega}-{\omega_3{\omega})^2}}$. The values of the total impedance of cell, phase angle, and cell current that are necessary for the calculations of impedance parameters were experimentally measured from 200 to 6000Hz for the following supporting electrolytes, 0.5M $Na_2SO_4$, 1M NaCl, 19.373% sea water, 1M HCl, 1M $KNO_3$ and for $10^{-2}M$ KI and 60mM DBNA (Di-iso-Butylnitrosoamine) in these supporting electrolytes. The derived equations in this study shows that the values of impedance parameters of $C_d,\;C_{\phi},\;R_i\;and\;R_Q\;are\;15{\sim}40\;{\mu}F/cm^2,\;162{\sim}758\;{\mu}F/cm^2\;11.5{\sim}57.6\;ohm{\cdot}cm^2\;and\;0.5{\times}10^{-2}{\sim}4.1{\times}10^{-2}\;ohm{\cdot}cm^2$ respectively.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.192-198
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• 2006

Background: Investigating strategy to enhance efficiency of gene transfer via adenovirus is critical to sustain gene expression in targeted cells or tissues to regulate immune responses. However, the use of adenovirus as a gene delivery method has been limited by the native tropism of the virus. In this study, the critical parameter is to improve the efficient binding of viral particles to the plasma membrane prior to cellular uptake. Methods: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) trans-acting activator of transcription (TAT), a protein transduction domain, was fused to the ectodomain of the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR). The CAR-TAT protein was produced from a Drosophila Schneider 2 cells (S2) transfected with CAR-TAT genes. The function of CARTAT was analyzed the efficiency of adenoviral gene transfer by flow cytometry, and then immunizing AdVGFP with CAR-TAT was transduced on dendritic cells (DCs). Results: S2 transfectants secreting CAR-TAT fusion protein has been stable over a period of 6 months and its expression was verified by western blot. Addition of CAR-TAT induced higher transduction efficiency for AdVGFP at every MOI tested. When mice were vaccinated with DC of which adenoviral transduction was mediated by CAR-TAT, the number of IFN-${\gamma}$ secreting T-cells was increased as compared with those DCs transduced without CAR-TAT. Conclusion: Our data provide evidence that CAR-TAT fusion protein enhances adenoviral transduction and immunogenecity of transgenes on DCs and may influence on the development of adenoviral-mediated anti-tumor immunotherapy.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.14 no.6_2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2014

This study has an objective to analyze the causal relationship between the emotional labor of the members in the private security firms and its effect on their job stress and validity of the organization. To carry out the study, I established a population of private security guards working at the security firms in Seoul. Then a total of 700 question naires were sent out for the survey using the random sampling method of clusters. The study was carried out over about four months, from May, 2014 to September, 2014. A total of 676 questionnaires were used for the final data. 24 questionnaires were excluded either because they were not returned or contained extreme value. In this study, a statistical package of SPSSWIN 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 were used in the data analysis and the causal relationship was verified using the covariance structural equation. The analysis showed the emotional labor to have a positive effect on the validity of organization but a negative effect on the job stress at the statistical level of p<.001 and the hypothesis was adopted. The hypothesis regarding the job stress was also adopted because job stress was found to have a negative effect on the validity of organization at the statistical level of p<.001. In addition, job stress was found to have a negative effect on the relationship between the emotional labor and validity of organization at the statistical level of p<.001. As a result, the hypothesis about the job stress would function as the parameter was only partially adopted.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.557-568
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• 2006

We present CCD UBVI photometry for more than 10,000 stars in $20'.5{\times}20'.5$ field of the halo globular cluster M30. From a color-magnitude diagram, main sequence turnoff was obtained when $V_{TO},\;(B-V)_{TO},\;and\;(V-I)_{TO}\;are\;8.63{\pm}0.05,\;0.44{\pm}0.05\;and\;0.63{\pm}0.05$, respectively. From a (U-B)-(B-V) diagram, reddening parameter, E(B-V) equals $0.05{\pm}0.01$ and a UV color excess ${\delta}(U-B)\;is\;0.27{\pm}0.01$. The abundance is derived, where [Fe/H] equals $-2.05{\pm}0.09$ according to the photometric method and spectroscopic data. The observed luminosity function of M30 shows an excess in the number of red giants relative to the number of turnoff stars, when comparing with the predictions of canonical models. Using the Hipparcos parallaxes for subdwarfs, we estimate distance modulus, $(m-M)_o\;as\;14.75{\pm}0.12$. Using the R and R' method, we find helium abundances, Y(R) as $0.23{\pm}0.02$, Y(R') as $0.29{\pm}0.02$, respectively. Finally, the cluster' sage dispersion was deduced from 10.71 Gyr to 17 Gyr.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.539-549
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• 1999

In this paper, the bit error rare (BER) performance of DS/CDMA DQPSK communication system in the presence of multi access interference, impulsive noise and Nakagami fading is investigated. The DS/CDMA DQPSK communication system adopts Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity reception and error correcting BCH code technique to enhance system performance. Using the derived error probability equation, the error rate performance of DS/CDMA DQPSK communication system has been evaluated and shown in figures to discuss as a function of impulsive index(A), Gaussian noise to impulsive noise power ratio($\Gamma$'), multi access interference(Κ), Nakagami fading parameter(m), the number of diversity branch (Ｌ), the number of error correction symbol (t), PN code sequence length(N) and $E_b/N_0$. The error performance of DS/CDMA-MDPSK signals improve by adopting MRC diversity and BCH(15,7) coding technique in the environment of impulsive noise plus Nagakami fading. From the results, we known that proposed system is affected by multi access interference, impulsive noise and Nakagami fading in radio communication system environment. Also, BER performance of DS/CDMA DQPSK communication system cam be improved increasing either the power of desired signal or the value of Gaussian noise to impulsive noise power ratio. And BCH(15,7) code technique is more effective to restrain the affection of multi access, interference, impulsive noise and Nakagami fading in DS/CDMA DQPSK communication system than MRC diversity reception technique.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.245-251
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• 2005

When we design coastal and harbol facilities deepwater design wave and wind speed are the important design parameters. Especially, the analysis of these informations is a vital step for the point of disaster prevention. In this study, we made and an extreme value analysis using a series of deep water significant wave data arranged in the 16 direction and supplied by KORDI real-time wave information system ,and the wind data gained from Wan-Do whether Station 1978-2003. The probability distributions considered in this characteristic analysis were the Weibull, the Gumbel, the Log-Pearson Type III, the Normal, the Lognormal, and the Gamma distribution. The parameter for each distribution was estimated by three methods, i.e. the method of moments, the maximum likelihood, and the method of probability weight moments. Furthermore, probability distributions for the extreme data had been selected by using Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test within significant level of 5%, i,e. 95% reliance level. From this study we found that Gumbel distribution is the most proper model for the deep water design wave height off the southwest coast of Korea. However the result shows that the proper distribution made for the selected site is varied in each extreme data set.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.363-363
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• 2008

The development of dry etching process for sapphire wafer with plasma has been key issues for the opto-electric devices. The challenges are increasing control and obtaining low plasma induced-damage because an unwanted scattering of radiation is caused by the spatial disorder of pattern and variation of surface roughness. The plasma-induced damages during plasma etching process can be classified as impurity contamination of residual etch products or bonding disruption in lattice due to charged particle bombardment. Therefor, fine pattern technology with low damaged etching process and high etch rate are urgently needed. Until now, there are a lot of reports on the etching of sapphire wafer with using $Cl_2$/Ar, $BCl_3$/Ar, HBr/Ar and so on [1]. However, the etch behavior of sapphire wafer have investigated with variation of only one parameter while other parameters are fixed. In this study, we investigated the effect of pressure and other parameters on the etch rate and the selectivity. We selected $BCl_3$ as an etch ant because $BCl_3$ plasmas are widely used in etching process of oxide materials. In plasma, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical, $B^+$ ion, Cl radical and $Cl^+$ ion. However, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical or $B^+$ ion easier than Cl radical or $Cl^+$ ion. First, we evaluated the etch behaviors of sapphire wafer in $BCl_3$/additive gases (Ar, $N_2,Cl_2$) gases. The behavior of etch rate of sapphire substrate was monitored as a function of additive gas ratio to $BCl_3$ based plasma, total flow rate, r.f. power, d.c. bias under different pressures of 5 mTorr, 10 mTorr, 20 mTorr and 30 mTorr. The etch rates of sapphire wafer, $SiO_2$ and PR were measured with using alpha step surface profiler. In order to understand the changes of radicals, volume density of Cl, B radical and BCl molecule were investigated with optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The chemical states of $Al_2O_3$ thin films were studied with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and depth profile anlysis of auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The enhancement of sapphire substrate can be explained by the reactive ion etching mechanism with the competition of the formation of volatile $AlCl_3$, $Al_2Cl_6$ or $BOCl_3$ and the sputter effect by energetic ions.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.367-375
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• 2007

Critical chloride content for corrosion initiation is a crucial parameter in determining the durability and integrity of reinforced concrete structures, however, the value is still ambiguous. Most of the studies reporting critical threshold chloride content have involved the experimental measurement of the average amount of the total chloride content at arbitrary time. The majority of these researches have not dealt with this issue combined with carbonation of concrete, although carbonation can significantly impact on critical threshold chloride content. Furthermore, the studies have tried to define the critical chloride content within the scope of their experimental concrete mix proportion at arbitrary time. However, critical chloride content for corrosion initiation is known to be affected by a lot of factors including cement content, type of binder, chloride binding, concentration of hydroxyl ions, and so on. It is necessary to define the unified formulation to express the critical chloride content for various mix proportions of concrete. The purpose of this study is to establish an analytical formulation of the critical chloride content of concrete. In this formulation, affecting factors, such as mix proportion, environment, chemical evolution of pore solution with elapsed time, carbonation of concrete and so on are taken into account. Based on the Gouda's experimental results, critical chloride content is defined as a function of $[Cl^-]$ vs. $[OH^-]$ in pore solution. This is expressed as free chloride content with mass unit to consider time evolution of $[OH^-]$ content in pore solution using the numerical simulation programme of cementitious materials, HYMOSTRUC. The result was compared with other experimental studies and various codes. It is believed that the approach suggested in this study can provide a good solution to determine the reasonable critical chloride content with original source of chloride ions, for example, marine sand at initial time, and sea water penetration later on.