• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.551-559
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• 1997

The stability of liquid membrane in the extraction process was investigated through the extraction of the Zn component by using W/O/W emulsion type liquid surfactant membrane which was $D_2EHPA-Kerosene-Span$ $80-H_2SO_4$ system. The highest stability for liquid membrane through the Zn extraction process was obtained under the following conditions. That conditions were that span 80 concentration, as surfactant, of 2~3 vol.%;$D_2EHPA$ concentration, as extractant, of 5~7 vol.%;paraffin oil concentration, as membrane strengthening agent, of 10 vol.%;emulsion volume ratio to the external aqueous phase volume of 0.1, and internal aqueous phase volume ratio to the organic phase volume of 1.0.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1129-1133
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• 2015

Background: The tissue microarray (TMA) is widely accepted as a fast and cost-effective research tool for in situ tissue analysis in modern pathology. However, the current automated and manual TMA techniques have some drawbacks restricting their productivity. Our study aimed to introduce an improved manual tissue miniarray (TmA) technique that is simple and readily applicable to a broad range of tissue samples. Materials and Methods: In this study, a conventional TV/radio telescopic antenna was used to punch tissue cores manually from donor paraffin embedded tissue blocks which were pre-incubated at $40^{\circ}C$. The cores were manually transferred, organized and attached to a standard block mould, and filled with liquid paraffin to construct TmA blocks without any use of recipient paraffin blocks. Results: By using a conventional TV/radio antenna, it was possible to construct TmA paraffin blocks with variable formats of array size and number ($2-mm{\times}42$, $2.5-mm{\times}30$, $3-mm{\times}24$, $4-mm{\times}20$ and $5-mm{\times}12$ cores). Up to $2-mm{\times}84$ cores could be mounted and stained on a standard microscopic slide by cutting two sections from two different blocks and mounting them beside each other. The technique was simple and caused minimal damage to the donor blocks. H&E and immunostained slides showed well-defined tissue morphology and array configuration. Conclusions: This technique is easy to reproduce, quick, inexpensive and creates uniform blocks with abundant tissues without specialized equipment. It was found to improve the stability of the cores within the paraffin block and facilitated no losses during cutting and immunostaining.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.85-88
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• 2008

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.54-61
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• 2005

Liquid-phase catalytic degradation of waste high-density polyethylene (HDPE) over ZSM-5 (powder type (PW)) and ZSM-5+binder (granule type (GR)) has been investigated with a stirred semi-batch operation at 400°C. Two ZSM-5 catalysts with a different crystal size were synthesized and also each ZSM-5 (25%) Catalyst was mixed with a same binder (kaolin: silica sol: alumina = 55%:10%:10%). The performance of prepared catalysts that has different physicochemical properties was discussed with the cumulative amount distribution, molecular weight distribution and also paraffin, olefin, naphthene and aromatic (PONA) distribution in liquid product. These liquid product quality and distributions were changed depending on the physicochemical properties of the catalyst. Moreover, the characteristic of ZSM-5 in the catalyst was strongly influenced on the activity and PONA distribution in liquid product.

• Solar Energy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.60-69
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• 1992

Heat transfer characteristics and heat storage rate for vertical cylinder packed with paraffin as a latent heat storage material were theoretically studied. Conduction and convection mechanism were applied to the solid and liquid phase, respectively, and the results were compared with that of pure conduction model. The effects of heating temperature, initial solid temperature and aspect ratio on rate of storage were also studied. In the initial stage of melting, the natural convection is nearly restricted by the friction at the wall and the phase boundary. But it is generated when about 40% of solid melts and again it shrinks by the hot liquid situated on the upper part of the cylinder. So overall melting rate is higher then that for pure conduction model. The increase in heating temperature and aspect ratio activates the natural convection, so melting rate becomes higher. And the larger the aspect ratio, the greater the difference between upper and lower size of the solid. In the initial stage of melting, the initial temperature of solid paraffin has great effect on the melting rate, but as melting proceeds its effect lessens gradually.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05b
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• pp.2119-2123
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• 2007

This study deals with performance characteristics of heat pipe combined with a solid-liquid phase change material(PCM). The outer diameter of the heat pipe was 9.5 mm and the total length was 600 mm, where the evaporator, the adiabatic section and the condenser lengths were equally 200 mm. A paraffin wax having a melting point of 58.5$^{\circ}C$ was used as PCM. The paraffin container was attached to the adiabatic section of the heat pipe. The paraffin container had outer diameter of 18 mm, wall thickness of 1.2 mm and the total length of 100 mm. The heat pipe was tested with tilt angle of horizontal degree and favorite angle 10 degree, with evaporator lower position to provide stable operation of the heat pipe. Input thermal load was varied from 40 W, with increment of 40 W, to above 100 W until the maximum temperature of the heat pipe wall reached 200$^{\circ}C$. Test results of the PCM heat pipe were presented in comparison with conventional heat pipe of the same basic dimensions. The performance was analyzed in terms of temperature distribution, thermal resistance and heat transport capability.

• Solar Energy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.43-49
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• 1984

Experiments were performed to study freezing on a finned vertical tube when either conduction in the solid or natural convection in a liquid controls the heat transfer. Conduction is the controlling mode when the liquid is at its fusion temperature, whereas natural convection controls when the liquid temperature is above the fusion value. The liquid was housed in a cylinderical containment vessel whose surface was maintained at a uniform, time-invariment temperature during a data run, and the freezing occurred on a finned vertical tube positioned along the axis of the vessel. The phase change medium was n-octacosan, a paraffin which freezes at about $61^{\circ}C$. For conduction-controlled freezing, the enhancement of the frozen mass due to finning is greatest when the frozen layer is thin and decrease as the layer grows thicker. The degree of enhancement is generally less than the surface area ratio of the finned and unfinned tube.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2022

Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is a prominent technique for the separation of heavy metal ions from wastewater due to the fast extraction and is a single-stage operation of stripping-extraction. The selection of the components (Surfactant and Carrier) of ELM is a very significant step for its preparation. In the ELM technique, the primary water- in-oil (W/O) emulsion is emulsified in water to produce water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion. The water in oil emulsion was prepared by mixing the membrane phase and internal phase. To prepare the membrane phase, the extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) was used as a mobile carrier, Span-80 as a surfactant, and Paraffin as a diluent. Moreover, the internal (receiving) phase was prepared by dissolving sulphuric acid in water. Di-(2- ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid such as surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, sulphuric acid concentration in the receiving (internal) phase, agitation time (emulsion phase and feed phase), the volume ratio of the membrane phase to the receiving phase, the volume ratio of the external feed phase to the primary water-in-oil emulsion and pH of feed were studied on the percentage extraction of metal ions at 20℃. The results show that it is possible to remove 78% for As(V), 98% for Cd(II), and 99% for Pb(II). Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is a well-known technique for separating heavy metal ions from wastewater due to the fast extraction and is a single-stage operation of stripping-extraction. The selection of ELM components (Surfactant and Carrier) is a very significant step in its preparation. In the ELM technique, the primary water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion is emulsified to produce water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion. The water in the oil emulsion was prepared by mixing the membrane and internal phases. The extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) was used as a mobile carrier, Span-80 as a surfactant, and Paraffin as a diluent. Moreover, the internal (receiving) phase was prepared by dissolving sulphuric acid in water. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid such as surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, sulphuric acid concentration in the receiving (internal) phase, agitation time (emulsion phase and feed phase), the volume ratio of the membrane phase to the receiving phase, the volume ratio of the external feed phase to the primary water-in-oil emulsion and pH of feed were studied on the percentage extraction of metal ions at 20℃. The results show that it is possible to remove 78% for As(V), 98% for Cd(II), and 99% for Pb(II).

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.962-971
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• 2004

This paper has dealt with thermo-physical properties of microencapsulated phase change material slurry as a latent heat storage material having a low melting point. The measured results of the thermo-physical properties of the test microencapsulated phase change material slurry, those are, density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and viscosity, were discussed for the temperature region of solid and liquid phases of the dispersion material (paraffin). The measurements of these properties of microencapsulated phase change material slurry have been carried out by using a specific-gravity meter, a water calorimeter, a differential scanning calorimeter(DSC), a transient hot wire method and rotating type viscometer, respectively. It was clarified that the additional properties law could be applied to the estimation of the density and specific heat of microencapsulated phase change material slurry and also the Euckens equation could be applied to the estimation of the thermal conductivity of this slurry.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.807-812
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• 2015

A microcapsule water slurry is a latent heat-storage material having a low melting point. In this study, the thermal properties of a microcapsule water slurry are measured. The physical properties of the test microcapsule water slurry, i.e., thermal conductivity, specific heat, latent heat, and density, are measured, and the results are discussed for the temperature region of solid and liquid phases of the dispersion material (paraffin). It is clarified that Eucken's equation can be applied to the estimation of the thermal conductivity of the microcapsule water slurry. Useful correlation equations of the thermal properties of the microcapsule water slurry are proposed in terms of the temperature and concentration ratio of the microcapsule water slurry constituents.