• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.275-287
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• 1991

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2011

para-Aramid has limited dyeability because of its highly crystalline structure and compactness. To improve the dyeability of the para-aramid to reactive dyes of bright color in deep shade, the fabrics were photografted under continuous UV irradiation with dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide and 4-benzoyl benzoic acid as a monomer and a hydrogen -abstractable photoinitiator respectively. A UV energy of 35J/$cm^2$ and a photoinitiator concentration of ten percent or more with respect to the monomer in the formulation was required for optimal photografting. Grafting yield increased with higher monomer application level. Surface analysis indicated significant alterations in the atomic composition of the photografted fabric surface and the fabric surface was covered with the grafted polymers. While the pristine para-aramid fabrics showed no appreciable dyeability to the ${\alpha}$-bromoacrylamide reactive dyes, the grafted para-aramid fabrics enhanced the dyeability to the reactive dyes substantially. In case of C.I. Reactive Blue 50, a K/S value of 8.7 can be obtained with the grafted para-aramid fabrics with a grafting yield of 2.3 %. Also the color fastness properties of the dyed fabrics was excellent in the conditions of washing, rubbing and light irradiation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 1998

The Electron/Hole Pair is generated when the Activation Energy produces by Ultraviolet Ray illumination to the Semiconductor. And $OH^-$ ion produces by Water Photo-Cleavage reacts with Positive Hole. As a result, OH Radical acting as strong oxidant is generated and then Photocatalytic Oxidation Reaction occurs. The Photocatalytic Oxidation can oxidize the chlorophenol to Chloride and Carbon Dioxide easier, safer and shorter than conventional Water Treatment Process With the same degree of chlorination, the $Cl^-$ ion at para (C4) position is most easily replaced by the OH radical. And then, the blocking effect of $OH^-$ ion between the $Cl^-$ ions and $Cl^-$ ions at symmetrical location is easily replaced by the OH radical. For mono-, di-, tri-chlorophenols, there is no obvious difference in decomposition rate, decomposition efficiency and completeness of the decomposition reaction except for 2,3-dichloropheno, 2,4,5-, 2,3,4-trichlorophenol. The decomposition efficiency is higher than 75% and completeness of the decomposition reaction is higher than 70%. Therefore, continuous flow photocatalytic reactor is promising process to remove the chlorinated aromatic compounds which is more toxic than non-chlorinated aromatic compound.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.587-599
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• 2017

This paper introduces an approach to the realization of an ICT-based bridge remote monitoring system that enables real-time monitoring and controlled adjustments for unexpected heavy loads and also for damaging earthquakes or typhoons. In this paper, an integrated bridge remote monitoring system called the "Intelligent Bridge", which consists of a stand-alone monitoring system (SMS) and a web-based Internet monitoring system(IMS), was developed for not only bridge maintenance but also as an application for a para-stressing bridge system. To verify the possibility of controlling the actual structural performance of an "Intelligent Bridge", a model 2-span continuous cable-stayed bridge with adjustable cables was constructed. The experimental results demonstrate that the implemented monitoring system supplies detailed and accurate information about bridge behaviour for further evaluation and diagnosis, and it also opens up prospects for future application of a web-based remote system to actually adjust in-service bridges under field conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.107-122
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• 2024

PURPOSE: This study examined sports injuries among national sitting volleyball players and to provide baseline data for the development of programs to prevent injuries and enhance performance. METHODS: The study surveyed 21 national team athletes (12 males and nine females) participating in the 4^th Hangzhou Asian Para Games. The questionnaire consisted of 17 items, including general information, type of disability, sites and types of sports injuries and their causes, the current state of sports injuries and the treatment and management of injuries. RESULTS: The survey results suggested that the most common injury sites were the finger, shoulder, and waist. The most frequent types of injuries were sprain, muscle cramp, and LBP. The causes were insufficient warm-up, playing unhealed and carelessness. Injuries were most prevalent during morning training and in the winter. Most injuries occurred in practice, and the actions most likely to cause injuries were blocking, spike and sitting movements. Ice and spray were the most common treatments, usually administered by the athletes themselves. Physical therapy was the most common post-injury management, and the most common sequelae involved continuing to use despite pain. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, systematic and individualized training and therapeutic support tailored to the characteristics of sitting volleyball and the types of disabilities are necessary to prevent and manage sports injuries among national players. Continuous injury management by medical staff, particularly physical therapists, is essential to maintain the health of disabled athletes.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.11 no.32
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• pp.71-74
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• 2004

The macrocycle L exhibited a switch on-off behavior through the fluorescent responses by aromatic imine molecule 1 (X=H) / trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). In the 'switch on' state, it was supposed that the aromatic imine molecule 1 is in the cavity of macrocycle L and a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the nitrogen of azacrown part to the anthryl group is inhibited by the interaction between the aromatic imine molecule 1 and the azacrown part of macrocycle L. In the 'switch off' state, it was supposed that the protonated imine molecule 1 is induced by the continuous addition of TFA and a repulsion between the protonated azacrown part and the protonated imine molecule 1 is occurred. It was considered that this process induces the intermolecular PET from the protonated imine molecule 1 to the anthryl group of macrocycle L because of a proximity effect between the anthryl group and the protonated imine molecule 1. From the investigation of the transient emission decay curve, the macrocycle L showed three components (3.45 ns (79.72%), 0.61 ns (14.53%), and 0.10 ns (5.75%). When the imine molecule 1 was added in the macrocycle L as molar ratio=1:1, the first main component showed a little longer lifetime as 3.68 ns (82.75%) although the other two components were similar as 0.64 ns (14.28%) and 0.08 ns (2.96%). On the contrary, when the imine molecule 3 (X=C1) was added in the macrocycle L as molar ratio=l:1, all the three components were decreased such as 3.27 ns (69.83%), 0.44 ns (13.24%), and 0.06 ns (16.93%). The fluorescent pH titration of macrocycle L was carried out from pH=3 to pH=9. The macrocycle L and C $U^{2+}$- macrocycle L complex were intersected at about pH=5, while the E $u^{3+}$ -macrocycle L complex was intersected at about pH=5.5. In addtion, we investigated the fluorescence change of macrocycle L as a function of the substituent constant ($\sigma$$_{p}$$^{o}$) showing in the para-substituent with electron withdrawing groups (X=F, Cl) and electron donating groups (X=C $H_3$, OC $H_3$, N(C $H_3$)$_2$), respectively, as well as non-substituent (X=H).).ctively, as well as non-substituent (X=H).

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.193-204
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• 2000

Nowadays, mongolian gerbil is widely utilized in the research of brain and water deprivation because of congenitally incomplete Willis' circle, audiogenic seizure in low noise, and special cholesterol metabolism without water absorption for a long time. In this study, we intended to identify the time lapse changes in the general morphoogy and ultrastructure of the catecholaminergic neurons of mongolian gerbil brain in after long-term water deprivation. Fifteen mongolian gerbils were divided into 3 groups (5, 10, and 20-day water deprivation groups), each with 5 mongolian gerbils. Additional 5 mongolian gerbils which received water without limitation were used as a control. The brain sections were immunostained using tyrosine hysroxylase (TH), $ dopamine-\beta-hydroxylase$ (DBH), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltrasferase (PMNT) antibodies. And immunoreactive cells were observed by electromicroscopy for the ultrastructural changes . The TH-immunoreactive (TH-IR) nerve cells were observed in the para- and peri-ventricular nucleus of the 3 rd ventricle in the hypothalamus and the substantia nigra. The number of TH-IR neurons in these areas was decreased from the 5th day of the water deprivation to the 10 th day and reincreased until 20 th day water deprivation. The shape and density of the dopamine-secreting cells identified by immunohistochemistry showed changes in the continuous water deprivation. Electron microscopy revealed a round nucleus in the neurons of control group but 5-day water deprivation group showed a dense and irregularly shaped nucleus. Also in the 5-day water-deprived group, mitochondria was decreased in number and junctins were disappered. Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex did not show changes after water-deprivation. In this results, we can conclude that dopamine are involved in the water metabolism in mongolian gerbil, and mongolian gerbil could be used as an animal model for the researches of water deprivation.