• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.275-287
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• 1991

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2011

para-Aramid has limited dyeability because of its highly crystalline structure and compactness. To improve the dyeability of the para-aramid to reactive dyes of bright color in deep shade, the fabrics were photografted under continuous UV irradiation with dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide and 4-benzoyl benzoic acid as a monomer and a hydrogen -abstractable photoinitiator respectively. A UV energy of 35J/$cm^2$ and a photoinitiator concentration of ten percent or more with respect to the monomer in the formulation was required for optimal photografting. Grafting yield increased with higher monomer application level. Surface analysis indicated significant alterations in the atomic composition of the photografted fabric surface and the fabric surface was covered with the grafted polymers. While the pristine para-aramid fabrics showed no appreciable dyeability to the ${\alpha}$-bromoacrylamide reactive dyes, the grafted para-aramid fabrics enhanced the dyeability to the reactive dyes substantially. In case of C.I. Reactive Blue 50, a K/S value of 8.7 can be obtained with the grafted para-aramid fabrics with a grafting yield of 2.3 %. Also the color fastness properties of the dyed fabrics was excellent in the conditions of washing, rubbing and light irradiation.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.88-95
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• 1998

The Electron/Hole Pair is generated when the Activation Energy produces by Ultraviolet Ray illumination to the Semiconductor. And $OH^-$ ion produces by Water Photo-Cleavage reacts with Positive Hole. As a result, OH Radical acting as strong oxidant is generated and then Photocatalytic Oxidation Reaction occurs. The Photocatalytic Oxidation can oxidize the chlorophenol to Chloride and Carbon Dioxide easier, safer and shorter than conventional Water Treatment Process With the same degree of chlorination, the $Cl^-$ ion at para (C4) position is most easily replaced by the OH radical. And then, the blocking effect of $OH^-$ ion between the $Cl^-$ ions and $Cl^-$ ions at symmetrical location is easily replaced by the OH radical. For mono-, di-, tri-chlorophenols, there is no obvious difference in decomposition rate, decomposition efficiency and completeness of the decomposition reaction except for 2,3-dichloropheno, 2,4,5-, 2,3,4-trichlorophenol. The decomposition efficiency is higher than 75% and completeness of the decomposition reaction is higher than 70%. Therefore, continuous flow photocatalytic reactor is promising process to remove the chlorinated aromatic compounds which is more toxic than non-chlorinated aromatic compound.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.587-599
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• 2017

This paper introduces an approach to the realization of an ICT-based bridge remote monitoring system that enables real-time monitoring and controlled adjustments for unexpected heavy loads and also for damaging earthquakes or typhoons. In this paper, an integrated bridge remote monitoring system called the "Intelligent Bridge", which consists of a stand-alone monitoring system (SMS) and a web-based Internet monitoring system(IMS), was developed for not only bridge maintenance but also as an application for a para-stressing bridge system. To verify the possibility of controlling the actual structural performance of an "Intelligent Bridge", a model 2-span continuous cable-stayed bridge with adjustable cables was constructed. The experimental results demonstrate that the implemented monitoring system supplies detailed and accurate information about bridge behaviour for further evaluation and diagnosis, and it also opens up prospects for future application of a web-based remote system to actually adjust in-service bridges under field conditions.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.107-122
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• 2024

PURPOSE: This study examined sports injuries among national sitting volleyball players and to provide baseline data for the development of programs to prevent injuries and enhance performance. METHODS: The study surveyed 21 national team athletes (12 males and nine females) participating in the 4^th Hangzhou Asian Para Games. The questionnaire consisted of 17 items, including general information, type of disability, sites and types of sports injuries and their causes, the current state of sports injuries and the treatment and management of injuries. RESULTS: The survey results suggested that the most common injury sites were the finger, shoulder, and waist. The most frequent types of injuries were sprain, muscle cramp, and LBP. The causes were insufficient warm-up, playing unhealed and carelessness. Injuries were most prevalent during morning training and in the winter. Most injuries occurred in practice, and the actions most likely to cause injuries were blocking, spike and sitting movements. Ice and spray were the most common treatments, usually administered by the athletes themselves. Physical therapy was the most common post-injury management, and the most common sequelae involved continuing to use despite pain. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, systematic and individualized training and therapeutic support tailored to the characteristics of sitting volleyball and the types of disabilities are necessary to prevent and manage sports injuries among national players. Continuous injury management by medical staff, particularly physical therapists, is essential to maintain the health of disabled athletes.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.71-74
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• 2004

The macrocycle L exhibited a switch on-off behavior through the fluorescent responses by aromatic imine molecule 1 (X=H) / trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). In the 'switch on' state, it was supposed that the aromatic imine molecule 1 is in the cavity of macrocycle L and a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the nitrogen of azacrown part to the anthryl group is inhibited by the interaction between the aromatic imine molecule 1 and the azacrown part of macrocycle L. In the 'switch off' state, it was supposed that the protonated imine molecule 1 is induced by the continuous addition of TFA and a repulsion between the protonated azacrown part and the protonated imine molecule 1 is occurred. It was considered that this process induces the intermolecular PET from the protonated imine molecule 1 to the anthryl group of macrocycle L because of a proximity effect between the anthryl group and the protonated imine molecule 1. From the investigation of the transient emission decay curve, the macrocycle L showed three components (3.45 ns (79.72%), 0.61 ns (14.53%), and 0.10 ns (5.75%). When the imine molecule 1 was added in the macrocycle L as molar ratio=1:1, the first main component showed a little longer lifetime as 3.68 ns (82.75%) although the other two components were similar as 0.64 ns (14.28%) and 0.08 ns (2.96%). On the contrary, when the imine molecule 3 (X=C1) was added in the macrocycle L as molar ratio=l:1, all the three components were decreased such as 3.27 ns (69.83%), 0.44 ns (13.24%), and 0.06 ns (16.93%). The fluorescent pH titration of macrocycle L was carried out from pH=3 to pH=9. The macrocycle L and C $U^{2+}$- macrocycle L complex were intersected at about pH=5, while the E $u^{3+}$ -macrocycle L complex was intersected at about pH=5.5. In addtion, we investigated the fluorescence change of macrocycle L as a function of the substituent constant ($\sigma$$_{p}$$^{o}$) showing in the para-substituent with electron withdrawing groups (X=F, Cl) and electron donating groups (X=C $H_3$, OC $H_3$, N(C $H_3$)$_2$), respectively, as well as non-substituent (X=H).).ctively, as well as non-substituent (X=H).

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.193-204
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• 2000

Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)은 선천적으로 불완전한 뇌바닥동백고리와 특이한 콜레스테롤 대사를 가진 동물로서 수분의 섭취없이도 장기간 생존이 가능하기 때문에 최근 뇌신경학 연구방법에 많이 이용되는 동물이다. 따라서 본 연구는 mongolian gerbil을 절수 시켰을 때 시간의 경과에 따라 뇌에서의 catecholaminergic neuron의 형태적인 변화에 관하여 알아보고자 $50\sim80g$의 mongolian gerbil 25마리를 이용하여 5마리는 뇌도보를 작성하였으며 나머지는 정상군, 5일군, 10일군, 20일군으로 각각 5마리씩 나누어 TH, DBH, PNMT항체를 이용하여 면역조직화학염색하여 절수의 시간에 따른 뇌에서의 catecholaminer-gic neuron의 형태적인 변화를 광학 및 전자현미경적으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 정상군의 경우 시상하부의 제 3 뇌실주위에 있는 뇌실곁핵과 뇌실주위회백질에 TH면역반응세포들이 나타났고 이들의 신경세포돌기 및 신경섬유들도 많이 분포하였으나 20일군에서 감소되는 양상을 보였다. 2. 중뇌 및 교뇌에서는 catecholamine성 신경세포중 dopamine성 신경세포가 뚜렷히 관찰되었으나 noradrenalin성 신경세포는 약하게 관찰되었다. 3. 흑색질의 치밀부분과 배쪽피개영역에서 TH항체에 대한 면역반응을 보이는 Dopamine성 신경세포 밀집도가 높았으며 그물부분에서도 소수 관찰되었다. 그러나 이 부위에서 dopamine성 신경세포도 절수에 따라 5일군까지 신경세포체와 돌기 및 섬유들이 감소되었으나 10일군에서는 다시 증가하였으며 20일군에서부터 감소하는 양상을 보였다. 4. 절수에 의한 뇌의 TH면역반응세포체의 전자현미경적 소견은 정상군에 비해 5일군에서 핵의 농축 및 변형, 신경연접의 소실, 사립체의 감소, 축삭 수의 감소 등이 나타나 TH의 분비에 영향을 주는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 ER등의 변화는 크게 관찰할 수 없었다. 이러한 연구결과는 정상군의 경우 다른 동물과 유사했으나 다른 동물에서는 청색반점이나 교뇌부위에서 noradrenaline성 신경이 많다고 하였지만 본 연구에서는 그러한 차이를 발견하지 못했으며 이것은 동물간의 유전적, 환경적 차이로 사료된다. 그러므로 mongolian gerbil의 수분대사에 dopamine이 관여할 것으로 보고 탈수 질환모델로 개발하기 위한 기능적인 연구와 더불어 많은 형태학적인 연구가 병행되어야 할 것이다.