• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.317-321
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• 2005

Since 2000 severe rots on aerial and underground parts of paprika (Capsicum annum L.) has occurred in most surveyed glasshouses throughout the country. A total of 56 isolates of a fungus were consistently isolated from various plant parts such as fruit, stem, branch, and root collected from 16 farms in five provinces. Anamorph stage of the fungus was identified as Fusarium solani based on its morphological characteristics. However, the fungus readily produced a sexual structure of perithecia on infected plant tissues and on agar media. Since the fungus formed abundant perithecium by a single isolate, it was considered as a homothallic strain of Nectria haematococca, the teleomorph of F. solani. Irregularly globose perithecia with orange to red color formed sparsely to gregariously on dead tissues of fruits and basal stems at the late infection stage, which is a diagnostic sign for the disease. Perithecia ranged from 125 to 220 ${\mu}m$ in diameter varied among isolates. Asci enveloping eight ascospores were cylindrical and measured 60-80x8-12 ${\mu}m$. Ellipsoid to obovate ascospores are two-celled and measured 11-18x4-7 ${\mu}m$. Ascospores were hyaline, slightly constricted at the central septum, and revealed longitudinal striations that is characteristic of the species. This fungus that has never been reported in Korea has previously become a threat to paprika cultivation because of its strong pathogenicity and nationwide distribution.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2014

We studied on pesticide residue and pest control effect when using various types of sprayers on paprika cultivation. Additionally, a test was conducted to optimize chemical content per unit area in condition of optimum pest control. Two types of sprayer were tested (three times) on paprika cultivation which was divided into seven sections. Blind spots were also examined using a water sensitive paper when spraying chemical pesticide, remote controlled sprayer were confirmed to be not effective in terms of its spraying capacity. However, a U-shaped sprayer was confirmed that it sprayed enough on all the parts of a plant in green house including the blind spots. Additionally, it does not exceed the minimum residue limits on the all parts of pesticides residue conditions. When using remote controlled sprayer, water sensitive paper were changed to blue color (82.5% and 81.2%) in terms of controlling Bemisia tabaci and Aphis gossypii based on the two spraying manners. 53.0% and 42.6% of control effect were shown on the fair parts of the plants. However, on the poor parts on which pesticides were not well-sprayed, thus, not-remained, more number of pests increased. Meanwhile, on farming that only one type of pesticide has been used, resistance pests present with very low control effect, even though sufficient amount of pesticide was well-sprayed. On the test of the optimum amount of spraying per a unit area, which shows no differences in the two cases of using 5L and 2.5L of chemical pesticides on 9 plants of paprika that has 81.8% and 84.5% control effect, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 2011

This study established hazards which may cause risk to human at farm during cultivation stage of paprika. Samples of plants (paprika, leaf, stem), cultivation environments (water, soil), personal hygiene (hand, glove, clothes), work utensils (carpet, basket, box) and airborne bacteria were collected from three paprika farms (A, B, C) located in Western Gyeongnam, Korea. The collected samples were assessed for biological (sanitary indications and major foodborne pathogens), chemical (heavy metals, pesticide residues) and physical hazards. In biological hazards, total bacteria and coliform were detected at the levels of 1.9~6.6 and 0.0~4.610g CFU/g, leaf, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$, while Escherichia coli was not detected in all samples. In major pathogens, only Bacillus cereus were detected at levels of ${\leq}$ 1.5 log CFU/g, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$, while Staphylococuus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were not detected in all samples. Heavy metal and pesticide residue as chemical hazards were detected at levels below the regulation limit, physical hazard factors, such as insects, pieces of metal and glasses, were also found in paprika farms. Proper management is needed to prevent biological hazards due to cross-contamination while physical and chemical hazards were appropriate GAP criteria.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.234-240
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data used in greenhouse design, and for this purpose, the crop loads of tomato and paprika which have high crop load among crops cultivated in greenhouse were measured. The maximum differences in lowest and mean temperatures between cultivation year and normal years for winter season were -5.6 and $-4.9^{\circ}C$, respectively and those for summer season were 3.0 and $1.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. The calibration of push & pull gauge indicated approximate 0.99 of coefficient of determination, representing very high association. The planting densities of paprika and tomato were 3.43, 3.56 and $2.13plants{\cdot}m^{-2}$, respectively. The yields were 4.1, 4.3 and $16.2kg{\cdot}plant^{-1}$, corresponding to 14.1, 15.2 and $34.5kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$ of yield per unit area. The maximum loads were 1.3, 1.5 and $3.3kg{\cdot}plant^{-1}$, respectively. When the paprika were hanged on cross beam, the total crop load applied to it was estimated to be $15.3{\sim}15.9kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$, and when the weights of gutters supporting the cultivation beds, the total weights were $26.0{\sim}26.9kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to investigate the residual characteristics of insecticides used for Oriental Tobacco Budworm control and to establish the recommended pre-harvest residue limit leading to contribution in safety of paprika production. METHODS AND RESULTS: The recommended Pre-Harvest Residue Limits (PHRLs) of insecticides during cultivation of paprika were calculated from residue analyses of insecticides in fruits 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days after treatment. Paprika samples were extracted with QuEChERS method and cleaned-up with amino propyl SPE cartridge and PSA, and insecticide residues were analyzed either by HPLC/DAD or GLC/ECD. The limits of detection were 0.01 mg/kg for 5 insecticides. Average recoveries were $81.3{\pm}1.62%$-$98.3{\pm}1.58%$ of 5 insecticides at fortification levels of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg. The biological half-lives of the insecticides were 8.5 days for bifenthrin, 11.8 days for chlorantraniliprole, 16.8 days for chlorfenapyr, 7.1 days for lamda-cyhalothrin and 31.3 days for methoxyfenozide at recommended dosage, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): The pre-harvest residue limits for 10 days before harvest were recommended 1.05 mg/kg, 1.41 mg/kg, 0.93 mg/kg, 2.06 mg/kg and 1.08 mg/kg as bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, lamda-cyhalothrin and methoxyfenozide, respectively. This study can provide good practical measures to produce safe paprika fruit by prevention of products from exceeding of MRLs at pre-harvest stage.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.263-270
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• 2021

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of CaCl₂ foliar spraying on the inhibition of blossom-end rot (BER) in hot summer paprika (Capsicum annum L. 'Special') cultivation. The effect of CaCl₂ application was examined by the foliar application based on different fruit size, frequency, and spraying time. Also, it was investigated the occurrence and alleviation effect of BER symptom. Foliar application of CaCl₂ (Ca 0.4%) was conducted by treating a fruit and leaf at 4 to 9 nodes above the crown flowers of each plant with 350 mL per week from June 3 to July 1. When the CaCl₂ was sprayed at 7-day intervals for 4 weeks, the Ca content was the lowest in the fruit harvested with BER symptom in 11 to 20 mm of fruit width (FW). Four different regions in both BER symptom and normal fruits showed significant differences of Ca content, the highest was in pedicel, followed by stem-end, middle, and blossom-end. The Ca content increased sharply in normal paprika with 31-40 mm FW, in which Ca content was 78% higher than that of BER. Ca content in the middle and blossom-end of paprika over 21 mm in FW ranged 19.8% to 28.8% in normal fruits and 15.7% to 18.5% in BER, respectively. The incidence of BER increased rapidly by more than 60% in fruits with 31-40 mm FW. While there was no difference in fruit weight among the FW treatment, marketable yield rate was highest in the 21-30 mm FW, and the sugar content was high in the 11-30mm FW. When CaCl₂ was applied three times for 7 days to a paprika having a 21- 30 mm FW, the cell wall-bound (CWB) Ca content was the highest and the rate of BER was lowest with 6.3%. After 10 days of CaCl₂ foliar spray treatment, the CWB Ca content of paprika increased by 2.9 to 3.5 times compared to the control in all treatments. At 7 days after the CaCl₂ foliar spraying once a day at varying spraying time, the leaf burn observed from 9:30 a.m. to 17:00 p.m. and the proline content increased as the spraying time was delayed. Therefore, the CaCl₂ foliar spraying method for reducing of BER occurrence during paprika summer cultivation seems to be appropriate to spray 2-3 times at intervals of 3 days and before 8 a.m. at the time when the FW is 21-30 mm.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 2011

Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.), a colored bell-type sweet pepper, is one of the most important money making vegetable crops in Korea. The cultivation area, total production, and exports of paprika are gradually getting increased, but the paprika cultivars used in Korea are all imported. It was well-known that the genic male sterility (GMS) is the main way to produce paprika hybrid seeds. However, it is little known that how many and what kinds of ms genes are used for breeding of paprika $F_1$ varieties. In this study, eight paprika cultivars ('Special', 'Debla', 'Plenty', 'Fiero', 'Boogie', 'Fiesta', 'Derby', and 'Minibell'), popularly cultivated in Korea and three different genic male sterile lines ('GMSP', 'GMS3', and 'GMSK') were used. For allelism test among the $F_1$ cultivars, half diallel crosses were performed. The result demonstrated that the most of the GMS in paprika cultivars except for 'Minibell' were same allele. To identify which GMS gene(s) were used for paprika $F_1$ cultivars, top crosses between previously known GMS lines and the $F_1$ cultivars were performed. As a result, we found that the $ms_k$ and the $ms_p$ genes were alleles for the GMS of 'Minibell' and for the other cultivars, respectively. We also confirmed that the GMS gene identification using GMSK-CAPS marker linked to the $ms_k$ gene and the PmsM1-CAPS marker linked to the $ms_p$ gene in $F_2$ progenies of 'Minibell' and 'Fiesta' and 'Derby' cultivars, respectively. In addition, we developed the PmsM2-CAPS marker for 'Plenty', 'Fiero', and 'Boogie' cultivars. We expect that these markers will be very useful for breeding new maternal (male sterile) line of paprika.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.378-384
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• 2013

This study was conducted to identify the effect of soil water potential on the fruit quality and yield of paprika in summer fertigation cultivation. Treatments of soil water potential during cultivation were composed of -10, -20, and -30 kPa, respectively. The plant height of early growth was increased by high soil water potential (-10 kPa) treatment all of 'Cupra' and 'E499524' (mini-paprika) varieties. Mean fruit weight was increased by -20 kPa soil water potential treatment compared with the other treatments. The fruit number per plant was not affected by soil water potential in 'Cupra' variety but was increased by -20 kPa soil water potential treatment in E499524 variety (mini-paprika). The yield of soil water potential treatment of -20 kPa was higher than those of the other treatments. The flesh thickness and sugar content were not affected by soil water potential in 'Cupra' and 'E499524' (mini-paprika) varieties. The incidence of fruit cracking was decreased with decreasing soil water potential. Mineral contents of plants such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium etc. were not affected in soil water potential.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 2015

Purpose of this study was a development of an image processing algorithm to recognize paprika and acquire it's 3D coordinates from stereo images to precisely control an end-effector of a paprika auto harvester. First, H and S threshold was set using HSI histogram analyze for extracting ROI(region of interest) from raw paprika cultivation images. Next, fundamental matrix of a stereo camera system was calculated to process matching between extracted ROI of corresponding images. Epipolar lines were acquired using F matrix, and $11{\times}11$ mask was used to compare pixels on the line. Distance between extracted corresponding points were calibrated using 3D coordinates of a calibration board. Non linear regression analyze was used to prove relation between each pixel disparity of corresponding points and depth(Z). Finally, the program could calculate horizontal(X), vertical(Y) directional coordinates using stereo camera's geometry. Horizontal directional coordinate's average error was 5.3mm, vertical was 18.8mm, depth was 5.4mm. Most of the error was occurred at 400~450mm of depth and distorted regions of image.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.463-472
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• 2014

Ion imbalance in recycled nutrient solutions is caused by selective ion uptake of plants, which occurs at different rates in different growth stages. The objectives of this study were to investigate the ion balances in both recycled nutrient solutions and rockwool media using different renewal patterns for the nutrient solutions, and to analyze the subsequent effects on uptake of water and nutrients. Over 12 weeks of paprika cultivation, two different renewal patterns (week units) of 6-4-2 and 8-2-2 weeks were compared with a constant renewal pattern of 4-4-4 weeks (control). The nutrient solution in the reservoir tank was constantly maintained at EC $2.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and pH 5.5-6.5. The changes in the ion balance with the 4-4-4 week pattern were smaller than those with the other treatments. In the early growth stage, however, the ion balances similarly changed among all treatments. Greater changes were subsequently observed for the 6-4-2 week pattern. Although fruit yield and shoot fresh weight of paprika were the lowest with 6-4-2 renewal pattern, no significant differences were observed. Our results indicate that renewal intervals can be extended in consideration of growth stage for more efficient and practical operations in closed soilless cultures.