• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.215-224
• /
• 2009

Objectives : Low back pain is the most prevalent condition for receiving Korean traditional medical treatment. The aim of this review is to provide fundamental data for development of low back pain classification and assessment criteria which can be used in clinical trials and clinical practice. Methods : Domestic and international clinical studies on oriental medicine treatment for low back pain were searched through on-line databases. The searched articles were reviewed and the evaluation tools used in the studies were investigated. Results : A total of 38 possibly relevant articles in Pubmed were identified, of which 34 articles included assessment criteria for low back pain. And 38 articles were reviewed in the Journal of Korean Oriental Medicine and the Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 29 articles used pain scales, 24 used functional scales, and 20 among 34 articles in PubMed used both pain and functional scales. The majority of articles which published in Korea used worthless assessment scales of simple grades. There was no articles which used assessment scales related to the concepts of Korean traditional medicine. Conclusions : Our review of articles suggests that we would use both pain and functional scales. Future assessment scales should include the concepts of Korean traditional medicine.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.44-62
• /
• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to systematically review the measurement tools that are used to assess the pain of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Method : In this systematic review, the studies published between 2009 and 2018 were selected based on the PRISMA flow chart. Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochran. We assessed the quality of pain assessment tools reported in individual studies using Terwee et al.'s the Quality Criteria for Measurement Properties. Results : We reviewed 67 studies and 12 pain assessment tools that included two self-reported, seven observational, and three multifaced tools with observations and physiological indicators. The most frequently used tool was the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool. The Multidimensional Observational Pain Assessment Tool was rated the highest quality. Nine of the ten tools that included observations reported content validity, four reported construct validity and nine reported correlation coefficient. Conclusion : It was found that observational tools are appropriate for assessing pain in ICU patients with limited communication skills. To increase the validity and reliability of pain assessment in ICU patients, further research on the physiological indicators of pain is needed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.427-439
• /
• 2022

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) often present with variable symptoms, making them difficult to diagnose, treat, and monitor. When neurologic compromise is inadequately assessed, suboptimal treatment decisions can result in lasting functional deficits. There are many available tools for evaluating pain and functional status of peripheral nerves. However, the literature lacks a detailed, comprehensive view of the data comparing the clinical utility of these modalities, and there is no consensus on the optimal algorithm for sensory and pain assessment in PNIs. We performed a systematic review of the literature focused on clinical data, evaluating pain and sensory assessment methods in peripheral nerves. We searched through multiple databases, including PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar, to identify studies that assessed assessment tools and explored their advantages and disadvantages. A total of 66 studies were selected that assessed various tools used to assess patient's pain and sensory recovery after a PNI. This review may serve as a guide to select the most appropriate assessment tools for monitoring nerve pain and/or sensory function both pre- and postoperatively. As the surgeons work to improve treatments for PNI and dysfunction, identifying the most appropriate existing measures of success and future directions for improved algorithms could lead to improved patient outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.164-172
• /
• 1995

Pain management of postoperative patients or patients suffering from terminal cancer became one of the most important task of nurses in recent years. This study analyzed basic knowledge of 175 student nurses in Taegu on the pain assessment and management. The questionnaires included five areas : Assessment, pharmacological actions, medication, classification of opioids, and psychological dependence of analgesics. The results indicated that nursing students, in general, lacked knowledge on pain management : Correct responses on pain assessment varied between 9.7 and 100% , classification of opioids was in ranges of 61.7 to 95.4% ; Pharmacological actions was 16.6 to 80% : and medication was 14.9 to 85.7%. Less than 12.6% of students correctly identified the frequency of psychological dependence. These results suggested that the need of reinforcement on the pain management in formal nursing education.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.145-154
• /
• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the existing pain assessment methods including the tools developed for use with nonverbal older adults with dementia, and to suggest recommendations to clinicians based on the evaluations. Computerized literature searches published after year 2000 using databases - Google scholar, RISS, KoreaMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, CINAHL - were done. Searching keywords were 'pain', 'pain assessment', and 'cognitive impairment/dementia'. The pain assessments for non-communicative dementia patients who are unable to self-report their pains are often made using the assessment tools relying on the observation of behavioral indicators or alternatively the strategy of surrogate reporting. While several tools in English version and only one in Korean are suggested for the pain assessments based on the observation of behavioral indicators, none are commonly used. In this review, we selectively evaluated those tools known to show relatively higher degree of validity and reliability for nonverbal older adults with dementia, namely, CNPI, DOLOPLUS 2, PACSLAC, PAINAD, and DS-DAT. It is hoped that the present review of selected tools for assessing pain in those vulnerable population and the general recommendations given be useful for clinicians in their palliative care practice. And future studies should focus on enriching the validation of the useful tools used to observe the nonverbal patient's behavioral indicators for pain in Korean.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the efficiency of subjective assessment that exams the subjective symptom of patients with back pain at the department of physical therapy. To assess the subjective symptom, we used the pain questionnaire using visual analogue scale (VAS) that was developed by Wang on 1995. Questionnaires were administered to 31 adult patients(male : 11, female : 20) with herniated lumbar disk(13), low back pain(8), myofascial pain syndrom(5), lumbar strain(4), ankylosing spondylitis(1). Mean age was 36.3 ranged from 20 to 65. The results of this study were as follows : 1) In each of 15 subjects, there was a significant decrease in VAS between pre- and post-treatment(p<0.05). 2) Mean VAS of total subjects was $6.26{\pm}2.55$ in pre-treatment, $4.50{\pm}2.47$ in post-treatment (p<0.001). Result of this study was shown efficiency of pain management by subjective assessment. The continuous study is needed for many interesting illue of pain management using VAS.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.679-689
• /
• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the efficiency of subjective assessment that exams the subjective symptom of patients with back pain at the department of physical therapy. To assess the subjective symptom, we used the pain questionnaire using visual analogue scale(VAS) that was developed by Wang on 1995. Questionnaires were administered to 31 adult patients(male : 11, female: 20) with herniated lumbar disk(13), low back pain(8), myofascial pain syndrom(5), lumbar strain(4), ankylosing spondylitis(1). Mean age was 36.3 ranged from 28 to 65. The results of this study were as follows: 1) In each of 15 subjects, there was a significant decrease in VAS between pre-and post-treatment(p < 0.05 -p<0.001). 2) Mean VAS of total subjects was $6.26{\pm}2.55$ in pre-treatment, $4.50{\pm}2.47$ in post-treatment(p < 0.001). The result of this study was shown efficiency of pain management by subjective assessment. The continuous study is needed for many interesting issue of pain management using VAS.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.13 no.7
• /
• pp.3016-3022
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to measure and evaluate the degree of the pain using tools such as faces, glasses, chips, and colors for 96 children in three general hospitals. The children preferred faces, glasses, chips and colors in order, and they preferred orange color for pain-free and black for intense pain. The pain score was significantly high with the children who did not have experience in hospital except colors tool in the difference by means of general characteristics(faces, glasses, chips; p<0.05). Faces, glasses, chips, colors tools are pain assessment tools which are easy simple to handle by children including family and medical personnel. We expect these tools will be used in many ways to assess pain according to a child's age in a clinical setting.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.25-46
• /
• 2000

Pain can be evaluated by experimental methods and clinical methods, but due to subjective characteristics of pain, clinical methods are generally used. The clinical pain measurement tools are divided into unidimensional and multidimensional assessment tools. The former include Visual Analogue Scale, Verbal Rating Scale, Numerical Rating Scale, Pain Faces Scale, and Poker Chip Tool and the latter include McGill Pain Questionnaire, MMPI, Pain Behavior Scale, Pain disability index, and Pain Rating Scale. Unidimensional pain scales mainly measure the intensity of pain on the basis of the patient's self report and their simple construction and ease of use enable the invesgator to assess acute pain. Multidimensional pain scales are used to evaluate subjective, psychological and behavioral aspects of pain and because of its comprehensive and confidential properties they are applied to chronic pain. Patient's linguistic and cognitive abilities are major factors to restrain accurate assessment of pain. Although behavioral patterns and vital sign are inferior to self-report in the measurement of pain, they can be useful indexes in those situations. When deciding on a pain-assessment tool, the investigator must determine which aspect of pain he or she wishes to evaluate on the characteristics of the group of patients, their backgrounds, and their communication skills. Making the proper choice will facilitate the acquisition of meaningful data and the formulation of valid conclusions.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.173-183
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze nursing records for pain management in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methods: Nursing process for pain management were analyzed retrospectively by 180 ICU patients' nursing records. Instruments consisted of 3 questionnaires (pain assessment, intervention, and evaluation). Results: For assessment, there was different pain intensity between cancer patients (7.95) and non-cancer patients (7.20). Also pain intensity was lower in PCA group (5.08) than in PCA with PRN group (8.27). Common pain site was surgical areas, along with 17 kinds of words expressed for pain, and mean of pain intensity was 7.47 by numeric rating scales (NRS). For intervention, the patients received pharmacologic interventions (99.4%) such as narcotic analgesics (38.3%) intermittently (70.5%) without side effects (94.4%). For evaluation, mean of pain intensity was decreased to 3.14, but a few patients (12.8%) experienced pain over 5 points despite the intervention. Nurses evaluated the degree of pain relief after the intervention in 87.2% of patients. Conclusion: Nurses do assess patients' pain by using objective tool, intervene, and evaluate for effective pain management. Nurses should make an individual approach and record all nursing activities for pain management.