• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.270-277
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• 2015

There is a lack of evidence on the impact of pharmacist interventions in diabetes care in South Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pharmacist counseling on clinical and humanistic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. An uncontrolled before-and-after study was conducted at the outpatient diabetes clinic in a teaching hospital in Gyeongnam, South Korea between January 2 and November 30, 2014. A total of 37 patients were enrolled. During the study periods, the participants and pharmacists met every 2 weeks via follow-up telephone calls in addition to face-to-face meetings upon returning for care visit. At each meeting, a structured patient counseling was performed and the average duration of each meeting was 15~30 minutes. The participants were requested to record daily self-care activities. At the end of this study, patients' satisfaction on pharmacist care was evaluated using the questionnaire developed by us. Compared to baseline, significant reductions (mean${\pm}$standard deviation, p<0.05) in HbA1c were observed at each follow-up period: $-0.32{\pm}0.72%$ from baseline to 3 months; $-0.52{\pm}0.76%$ from baseline to 6 months; $-0.72{\pm}0.76%$ from baseline to 9 months. Over the same follow-up period, the proportions of patients achieving target HbA1c (defined as HbA1c<6.5%) were 3.1%, 10.3%, and 20%, respectively. The proportions of patients who never missed a dose during the same follow-up period were 43.8%, 31.0%, and 20.0%, respectively. The results from the patient satisfaction survey indicated that pharmacist counseling improved patients' knowledge about diabetes and possible drug interactions. Especially, the information on a healthy diet and lifestyle was the most satisfying. To conclude, follow-up telephone calls combined with face-to-face meetings improved clinical and humanistic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.696-703
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum re-extraction conditions of ethanol from catechin in Korean green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) using response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments were carried out according to a five level and two variable central composite design (CCD). The two independent variables were solvent ratio to sample content (1, 4, 7, 10, 13 mL/g) and extraction temperature (-20, -10, 0, 10, $20^{\circ}C$) on the dependent variables including yield, epigallocatechin (EGC), epicathchin (EC), epigallocatechingallate (EGCG), epicatechingallate (ECG), total catechin and caffeine. ANOVA results showed that Coefficients of determination ($R^2$) of estimated models for dependent variables were ranged from 0.9054~0.9778, while $R^2$ of caffeine were estimated 0.8770. The optimum ranges for the maximized extraction including yield, EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG, caffeine and total catechin were 4.5~7.5 mL/g in ratio of ethanol to sample and $-8{\sim}8^{\circ}C$ in extraction temperature. The actual values of yield, EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG, caffeine and total catechin, respectively, at the optimized conditions were 35.02%, 13.31%, 3.978%, 19.11%, 4.29%, 5.30% and 40.68%.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.301-309
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• 2000

This clinical study was made of 214 cases of the jaw cysts which were diagnosed histopathologically in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Wonkwang University Dental Hospital from Jan. 1, 1991 to Dec. 31, 1998. Medical records, radiographs, histopathological reports of 214 cases with jaw cysts were retrospectively reviewed. The results were as follows : 1. Among the total patient of 214 cases, male were 143 cases, and female are 71 cases, male predominated by the ratio of 2.04. 2. The periapical cysts and the dentigerous cyst are the most common cyst, irrespective of 116 cases(54.2%) and 58 cases(27.1%). 3. The periapical cyst has no gender prediction, male were 70 cases and female were 54 cases, the mean ages were 39.3 years(SD=18.4). The most common involving teeth were maxillary anterior teeth(59.7%). 4. The dentigerous cyst predominantly occurred in third decade (18 cases : 31%), and the mean ages were 31.9 years(SD=14.8). Dentigerous cysts predominantly occurred in male by the ratio of 7.29 (male : 51 cases, female : 7 cases). Maxillary anterior teeth(43.1%) and mandibular molars(32.8%) were most frequently involved. 5. The odontogenic keratocyst predominantly occurred in second and third decade and mean ages were 23.5 years(SD=17.2). The mandibular molars(60%) were most frequently involved. 6. All nasopalatine cyst occurred after fourth decade, mean ages were 49.5years(SD=10.4). In the gender incidence of nasopalatine cyst, 1 case occurred in female and 10 cases occurred in male. 7. In the surgical intervention of jaw cyst, cyst enucleation and marsupialization performed in 156 cases. Cyst enucleation with bone graft performed in 58 cases and iliac autogenous bone grafts most frequently performed in 29cases. 8. The diameter range of cyst enucleation with bone graft were from 15mm to 120mm with a cyst diameter of 33.3mm. (SD=15.2) The diameter range of cyst enucleation and marsupialization were from 7mm to 82mm with a cyst diameter of 20.4mm.(SD=9.0) The diameter of cyst enucleation with bone graft were significantly greater than diameter of cyst enucleation. (p<0.05) 9. Post-operative complications occurred in 9 cases(15.5%) in which cyst enucleation with bone grafts performed and occurred in 31 cases(19.9%) in which cyst enucleation.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.25-36
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• 2020

Objective : Reflux esophagitis is a disease caused by the reflux of gastric acid and inflammation due to unstable gastroesophageal sphincter. The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of Phellodendri Cortex (PC) on chronic reflux esophagitis (CRE) in rats. Methods : The anti-oxidant activity of PC was measured by total polyphenol, total flavonoid contents, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-enzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. A CRE was established surgically in SD rats. And then CRE rats were treated with water or PC 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 days. Besides, the anti-oxidant and inflammatory protein levels were evaluated using western blotting. Results : PC reduced esophagus tissues injury. The total polyphenol (36.05 ± 0.25 mg/g) and total flavonoid (72.90 ± 0.61 mg/g) of PC showed a high content. PC strongly reduced radical scavenging activities (DPPH IC₅₀ 43.58 ± 1.54 ㎍/㎖; ABTS IC₅₀ 36.75 ± 0.35 ㎍/㎖). Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) levels in serum, the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) were significantly reduced. In addition, the protein expression of NADPH oxidases related to oxidative stress were significantly reduced in PC compared to CRE control. PC effectively reduced inflammatory factors including, TNF-α, and IL-6 via NF-κBp65 inactivation through the inhibition of p-IκBα and increased anti-oxidant enzyme such as HO-1, SOD, catalase, and GPx-1/2 via Nrf2 activation. Conclusions : Taken together, these results show that PC can alleviate the esophageal mucosal ulcer though the inhibition of NF-κB inflammatory and the enhancement of Nrf2 anti-oxidant pathway.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.289-303
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• 2007

This report includes basic data on nutrition education for Chinese adolescents living in Korea. A total of 183 Chinese adolescents living in Incheon participated in the survey. Body composition was analyzed by the Inbody 4.0., and questionnaires on personal dietary behavior were administrated. When compared with the body measure indices of Korean adolescents, we found that height was similar, but weight greater ($5{\sim}12 kg$) among the participants. Regarding obesity, 30.0% of all students were obese (BMI>25), especially the high school boys (42.0%). But in the case of middle school boys, the rates of obesity and under weight (BMI<18.5) were the same (both of them at 22.9%). The average WHR (Waist Hip Ratio) of the female high school group (0.9) was over the normal range. The average percent body fat for each group was also over the normal range. The percentage of students having breakfast everyday was 52.2%, and the rate of skipping breakfast was 25.0%. In the obesity group, the rate of skipping breakfast was remarkably high (P<0.05). Because lunch service was not available at the schools, a lunch box from home was the most popular pattern (43.1 %), but eating out was also popular at 36.6%. For the male high school students, the eating out rate was 62.8%. Since many have-lived in Korea for a few generations, the students' eating practices were much closer to the Korean pattern. For their ordinary meal pattern, 96.0% of the students included Korean foods. however, for New Years Day, the rate of having Gyo-Ja was 75.2%, and having Wol-Byung at Choo-seok was 78.6%, showing that the Chinese tradition still remains. In the case of food preferences, the percentage having Kimchi everyday was 62.1 %, but those drinking green tea was 13.1 %. For cold drinks, the rate for drinking them more than twice per week was 71.6%. The most preferred cooking method was frying with oil (50.6%). Among the students who had visited China (or Taiwan), the rate for 'bad food familiarity' was 37.0%, and the rate for 'did not know Chinese traditional course menus' was 71.3%. As a result of combining eating practices from both China and Korea, and the absence of lunch service in Chinese schools, students are showing bad dietary behaviors. therefore, it is necessary to provide proper nutrition education and a system for lunch service in Chinese schools.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.32-43
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• 1996

A $CdIn_{2}Te_{4}$ single crystal was grown by modified veritical bridgman method. The $CdIn_{2}Te_{4}$ single crystal was evaluated to be tetragonal by the powder method. The $CdIn_{2}Te_{4}$ single crystal was confirmed to be grown with its c axis along the lengthe of the boule by the Laue reflection method. Hall effect of $CdIn_{2}Te_{4}$ single crystal was estimated by van der pauw method from 293 K to 30 K. Hall data of the sample perpendicular to c axis was $n=8.75{\times}10^{23}electrons/m^{3},\;R_{H}=7.14{\times}10^{-5}m^{3}/C,\;{\sigma}=176.40{\omega}^{-1}m^{-1},\;{$\mu}=3.41{\times}10^{-2}m^{2}/V.s$ and the sample parallel to c axis was $n=8.61{\times}10^{23}electrons/m^{3},\;R_{H}=7.26{\times}10^{-5}m^{3}/C,\;{\sigma}=333.38{\omega}^{-1}m^{-1}\;and\;{$\mu}=2.42{\times}10^{-2}m^{2}/V.s$ for room temperature. The value of Hall coefficient on sample perpendicular or parallel to c axis were positive. There $CdIn_{2}Te_{4}$ single crystal was p-type semiconductor.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2010

A comparative study was performed in gnotobiotic and greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effect of exogenous application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and inoculation of Methylobacterium spp. possessing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) and IAA activity on red pepperand tomato seedling growth and development. Application of 1.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ IAA positively influenced root growth while high concentrations (>10.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$) suppressed root growth of red pepper and tomato under gnotobiotic condition. On the other hand, inoculation of Methylobacterium strains with ACCD activity and IAA or without IAA enhanced root growth in both plants. Similarly, under greenhouse condition the inoculation of Methylobacterium sp. with ACCD activity and IAA enhanced plant fitness recorded as average nodal length and specific leaf weight (SLW) but the effect is comparable with the application of low concentrations of IAA. Seedling length was significantly increased by Methylobacterium strains while total biomass was enhanced by Methylobacterium spp. and exogenous applications of < 10.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ IAA. High concentrations of IAA retard biomass accumulation in red pepper and tomato. These results confirm that bacterial strains with plant growth promoting characters such as IAA and ACCD have characteristic effects on different aspects of growth of red pepper and tomato seedlings which is comparable or better than exogenous applications of synthetic IAA.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2010

The effect of soil salinity and soil-wetting by rise of water table on the growth of fruit trees was studied to obtain information for orchard establishment in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. Survival ratio of trees was 85%for grape, 31%for fig, 15%for apple and pear, and near zero for peach and blueberry. Wet injury induced by water-logged or flooded condition, rather than salt injury(soil EC was lower than 3.0dS $m^{-1}$ during growing period) is thought to be more responsible for low survival ratio of fruit trees transplanted in Saemangeum area. During the summer raining season in the reclaimed areas, the soil salinity tends to be decreased by natural rainfall effect, and the rainfall acceptable capacity(RAC) of soils dramatically is reduced(10-24 mm) as rainfall is continued to occur. In spite of high hydraulic conductivity(121 cm $day^{-1}$) of soils across the area, low RAC of soils might be due to high soil saturation and elevated water table during summer raining season. Therefore, the installation of effective drainage system should be the primary factor determining successful establishment of orchard in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.182-189
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• 1996

Background : RANTES is associated with chemotaxis and activation of eosinophils. RANTES is up-regulated in allegic inflammation and play a critical role in the pathogenesis of allegic inflammation. Recently, circulating form of RANTES have been identified in the peripheral blood. Method : In the present study, we measured soluble RANTES levels in 17 patients with atopic brochial asthma (8 patients: early response to allegen challenge, 8 patients : early and late response to allergen challenge) on 30mins, 2hrs and 8 hrs after allergen challenge with house dust mite, prechallenge period. Result : RANTES levels in sera from patients with bronchial astma in prechallenge conditions were higher than in normal control subjects. But, RANTES levels in sera from patients with bronchial asthma in 30mins, 2hrs and 8hrs after challenge were no significantly higher than prechallenge conditions. Conclusion : These results suggest that RANTES plays a role in the pathogenesis of patients with atopic bronchial asthma and may be related to persistence of subclinical allergic inflammation.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2013

PURPOSE. To longitudinally assess the quality of life in maxillectomy patients rehabilitated with obturator prosthesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty-six subjects were enrolled in the span of 16 months, out of which six were dropouts. Subjects (age group 20-60 years) with maxillary defects, irrespective of the cause, planned for definite obturator prosthesis, were recruited. The Hindi version of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Head and Neck version 1 of Quality of Life Questionnaire was used before surgical intervention and one month after definitive obturator. Questionnaire includes 35 questions related to the patient's physical health, well being, psychological status, social relation and environmental conditions. The data were processed with statistical package for social science (SPSS). Probability level of P<.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS. The quality of life after rehabilitation with obturator prosthesis was 81.48% (${\pm}13.64$) on average. On item-level, maximum mean scores were obtained for items problem with teeth ($1.87{\pm}0.94$), pain in mouth ($1.80{\pm}0.92$), trouble in eating ($1.70{\pm}0.88$), trouble in talking to other people ($1.60{\pm}1.22$), problems in swallowing solid food ($1.57{\pm}1.22$) and bothering appearance ($1.53{\pm}1.04$); while minimum scores were obtained for the items coughing ($1.17{\pm}0.38$), hoarseness of voice ($1.17{\pm}0.53$), painful throat ($1.13{\pm}0.43$), trouble in having social contacts with friends ($1.10{\pm}0.40$) and trouble having physical contacts with family or friends ($1.10{\pm}0.31$). CONCLUSION. Obturator prosthesis is a highly positive and non-invasive approach to improve the quality of life of patients with maxillectomy defects.