• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.468-478
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• 2004

It is essential in various application areas of data mining and bioinformatics to effectively retrieve the occurrences of interesting patterns from sequence databases. For example, let's consider a network event management system that records the types and timestamp values of events occurred in a specific network component(ex. router). The typical query to find out the temporal casual relationships among the network events is as fellows: 'Find all occurrences of CiscoDCDLinkUp that are fellowed by MLMStatusUP that are subsequently followed by TCPConnectionClose, under the constraint that the interval between the first two events is not larger than 20 seconds, and the interval between the first and third events is not larger than 40 secondsTCPConnectionClose. This paper proposes an indexing method that enables to efficiently answer such a query. Unlike the previous methods that rely on inefficient sequential scan methods or data structures not easily supported by DBMSs, the proposed method uses a multi-dimensional spatial index, which is proven to be efficient both in storage and search, to find the answers quickly without false dismissals. Given a sliding window W, the input to a multi-dimensional spatial index is a n-dimensional vector whose i-th element is the interval between the first event of W and the first occurrence of the event type Ei in W. Here, n is the number of event types that can be occurred in the system of interest. The problem of‘dimensionality curse’may happen when n is large. Therefore, we use the dimension selection or event type grouping to avoid this problem. The experimental results reveal that our proposed technique can be a few orders of magnitude faster than the sequential scan and ISO-Depth index methods.hods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.114-115
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• 2003

양식 생물에게 있어 용존산소는 호흡에 필수적이며, 양식 시설 내에서 적절한 용존 산소량을 유지하는 것은 생산량을 좌우하는 가장 중요한 요인이며, 어종, 수온, 광주기, 나이와 크기, 어류의 행동과 먹이 공급 및 환경 조건에 따라 달라진다. 이 중 같은 종 내에서 선발육종된 개체와 일반 양식 종 그리고 이들 계통간 잡종에 대한 대사 효율 즉, 용존산소 소비율의 차이에 관한 연구는 거의 없다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 한국해양연구원에서 선발육종 해 온 참돔과 일본 양식산 참돔 및 이들의 교배 자손들을 대상으로 수온과 광주기 변화에 따른 용존산소 소비율을 조사하였다. 실험어는 일본 양식산인 TPN 교배구 자손과 한국해양연구원 선발육종산인 KORDI F4 교배구 자손, JPN♀×KORDI F4♂ 그리고 KORDI F4♀×JPN♂ 교배구 자손을 대상으로 실시하였다. 체중이 각각 52.0±0.6 g(JPN 교배구; 그룹 1), 52.3±0.7 g(JPN♀×KORDI F4♂; 그룹 2), 51.7±0.4 g(KORDI F4♀ × KORDI F4♂; 그룹 3) 그리고 52.1±0.7 g(KORDI F4♀ × JPN♂; 그룹 4)인 참돔 치어를 각각 5마리씩 3반복 수용하여 실험에 이용하였다. 실험기간 동안 사육수의 pH는 8.1±0.1, 염분도는 34.0±0.5‰로 유지하였으며, 실험 장치는 김(1999)이 고안한 순환 시스템을 이용하였다. 수온은 각각 15℃, 20℃ 및 25℃로 변화시켰으며 각 수온 조건에서 광주기를 24L:0D, 12L:12D 그리고 0L:24D로 변화시켜 매 조건마다 용존 산소 소비량을 측정하였다. JPN 교배구인 그룹 1의 경우, 수온 15℃일 때 산소 소비량은 170.35∼266.29 mg O₂/kg fish/hr의 범위를 보였으며 수온 20℃와 25℃일 때 각각 236.76∼307.37 mg O₂/kg fish/hr와 346.96∼459.30 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 범위를 보여 수온 상승에 따라 산소 소비량 역시 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 그룹 2의 경우, 수온 15℃일 때 산소 소비량은 162.01∼279.51 mg O₂/kg fish/hr의 범위를 보였으며 수온 20℃와 25℃일 때 각각 303.48∼342.72 mg O₂/kg fish/hr와 447.18∼528.45 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 범위를 보여 그룹 1과 마찬가지로 수온 상승에 따라 산소 소비량 역시 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 그룹 3의 경우, 수온 15℃일 때 산소 소비량은 170.11∼220.98 mg O₂/kg fish/hr의 범위를 보였으며 수온 20℃와 25℃일 때 각각 262.62∼282.27 mg O₂/kg fish/hr와 302.24∼415.73 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 범위를 보여 그룹 1, 2와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 그룹 4의 경우, 수온 15℃일 때 산소 소비량은 156.03∼214.49 mg O₂/kg fish/hr의 범위를 보였으며 수온 20℃와 25℃일 때 각각 238.40∼274.28 mg O₂/kg fish/hr와 379.93∼430.97 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 범위를 보여 수온 상승에 따라 산소 소비량 역시 증가하는 것으로 나타나, 그룹 1, 2와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 모든 실험구에서 수온 상승과 함께 산소 소비량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며 가장 높은 산소 소비량은 그룹 2에서 관찰되었다. 실험 결과 JPN 계통의 암컷을 사용하여 생산된 그룹 1과 2의 산소 소비량이 KORDI F4 계통의 암컷을 사용한 그룹 3, 4보다 대체적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 연속적인 명기 조건인 24L:0D에서 수온 15℃의 경우 그룹 1, 2, 3 그리고 4의 시간당 산소 소비량은 각각 266.29 mg O₂/kg fish/hr,279.51 mg O₂/kg fish/hr, 220.98 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 그리고 214.49 mg O₂/kg fish/hr으로 나타났고, 명기와 암기가 동일한 조건인 12L:12D에서는 각각 192.20 mg O₂/kg fish/hr, 258.03 mg O₂/kg fish/hr, 192.76 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 그리고 170.40 mg O₂/kg fish/hr로 나타났다. 또한 연속적인 암기 조건인 OL:24D 조건에서는 각각 170.35 mg O₂/kg fish/hr, 162.01 mg O₂/kg fish/hr, 170.11 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 그리고 156.03 mg O₂,/kg fish/hr로 나타났다. 그리고 수온 20℃와 25℃에서도 그룹간의 변화는 이와 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 연속 명기 조건인 24L:0D에서의 산소 소비량이 명기와 암기가 동일한 조건인 12L:12D와 연속 암기 조건인 0L:24D에서의 산소 소비량 보다 대체적으로 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 그룹 2의 연속 명기 조건에서 528.45 mg O₂/kg fish/hr으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 그룹 4에서는 대사량이 점점 더 높아지는 수온 상승과 함께 연속 명기 조건과 더불어 12L:12D 조건에서의 산소 소비량이 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.337-347
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• 2007

An embedded system is called a multi-mode embedded system if it performs multiple applications by dynamically reconfiguring the system functionality. Further, the embedded system is called a multi-mode multi-task embedded system if it additionally supports multiple tasks to be executed in a mode. In this Paper, we address a HW/SW partitioning problem, that is, HW/SW partitioning of multi-mode multi-task embedded applications with timing constraints of tasks. The objective of the optimization problem is to find a minimal total system cost of allocation/mapping of processing resources to functional modules in tasks together with a schedule that satisfies the timing constraints. The key success of solving the problem is closely related to the degree of the amount of utilization of the potential parallelism among the executions of modules. However, due to an inherently excessively large search space of the parallelism, and to make the task of schedulabilty analysis easy, the prior HW/SW partitioning methods have not been able to fully exploit the potential parallel execution of modules. To overcome the limitation, we propose a set of comprehensive HW/SW partitioning techniques which solve the three subproblems of the partitioning problem simultaneously: (1) allocation of processing resources, (2) mapping the processing resources to the modules in tasks, and (3) determining an execution schedule of modules. Specifically, based on a precise measurement on the parallel execution and schedulability of modules, we develop a stepwise refinement partitioning technique for single-mode multi-task applications. The proposed techniques is then extended to solve the HW/SW partitioning problem of multi-mode multi-task applications. From experiments with a set of real-life applications, it is shown that the proposed techniques are able to reduce the implementation cost by 19.0% and 17.0% for single- and multi-mode multi-task applications over that by the conventional method, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.1 s.93
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• pp.9-19
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• 2001

contrasting monsoon between 1993 and 1994 produced an interannual difference in hydrology. Theoretical water residence time (TWRT) in monsoon 1993 averaged 27 d, which was>3 months shorter compared to the TWRT in monsoon 1994. A dominant physical process influencing thermal stratification, water movement, and mixing regime was an interflow current in 1993. During summer 1993, river water plunged to mid-lake (location 27 km) and passed through the 10${\sim}$20m stratum of the reservoir, resulting in an isolation of epilimnetic lake water from advected river water. The interflow disrupted thermal stratification and produced a meta-hypolimnetic warming of >4$^{\circ}C$ downlake, thereby increased a mixing depth (>13 m). In contrast, during monsoon 1994 density currents were not observed and strong thermal stratification occurred in the entire reservoir, resulting in > 2 fold greater thermal resistance (8.2${\times}10^{5}$ erg)compared to 1993 (4.0${\times}10^{5}$ erg). This reservoir was identified as a typical warm monomictic reservoir which showed one mixis during early winter. The timing of overturn, however, differed between the two years as a result of distinct contrast in TWRT and thermal regime; overturn in 1993 occured about one month earlier relative to that in 1994. Hypolimnetic warming was predictable in this system; the variation in discharge accounted (Y = 4.35-0.06X+0.10X$^{2}$, p<0.0001)for 98% of the interannual variation in hypolimnetic temperature. Overall data suggest that thermal stability, the timing of fall overturn, and water residence time in this system are primarily regulated by the intensity of monsoon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.233-243
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• 1995

A survey has conducted on two hundred high school students of the first and second grade by way of questionnaine in Seoul. The purpose of this study on the information from the survey is to cstimate the level of awareness and probe how they feel and what they wish on sex. X2 inspection is designed to assess general aspects of responded contents by way of percentage and examine degree of satisfaction on previously experienced sex education and demand for sex education. The result is as follows. 1. As a result of the examination of degree of awareness on sex of respondents, 62% delines sex as human relationship including moral values for harmony between men and women. 64% of the men and 70% of the women say that sex is a natural thing. It comes to the conclusion that most of the respondent sgenerally consider sex positive. On chastity, 68.5% of the respondent answer that it means physical chastity, 12.5% that chastity before marriage should be kept, and 43% that it should be kept as far as possible. Most of them pespond that it should be kept. 2. As a result of the examination on the contents of sex, they answer they know well in the order of masturbation(72%), pregnancy(76%), and sex(63%). Contraception, abortion and ejection are contents they poorly informed of. 3. As a result of the examination on experienede of sex education, 83% of men and 100% of women have experienced sex, education, but their degreeof satisfaction to it is very low. And 49% of the whole is dissatisfactory to it. There is some difference between male and female students.(p=0.000) That result translates that female studeuts are educated on sex tjhrough more systematic subjects than male ones. In addition, it turns out that teenagers get most information on sex through friends, seniors, and mass media such as videos, TV and radios. Correct and systematic sex education is need because wrong information on sex culd be taught and bring them to misbehave. 4. 87.5% of the respondents answer that sex education is necessary, so that degree of necessity for sex education, turns out to be very high. Also the main subject that should perform sex education is in the order of school(50%), Society(24.5), home(18.5%). They respond that most appropriated period for the beginning of sex education is about elementary school age(43%), and 34% believes it to be put ahcad of elementary school age. Anurse teacher accounts for 54% for the main subject that addresses sex education, to male students visit teachers are most favored for 50%. As a result of those, it could be concluded that most high school students want sex education from responsible persons who have systematic and professional knowledge on sex. 5. In order to perform proper sex education by the above results, better educational effects are obtained when characteristics and natures of teenagers are known and most wanted knowledge by them is taught in priority in times of planning sex education. Besides, the contents of sex education suitable for each school should be planned before elementary school age and sex education should be performed in accordance with students' demand. In addition, sex education should be attentively performed by home, all organizations of society as well as school. Therefore, sex education will play a great role in making teenagers reestablish their conception on sex when the traditional and moral value systems of our country and the new value systems which are being formed under the influence of the western culture are in harmony.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the physiological activities of Ginkgo biloba sarcotesta extracts before and after heat treatment. G. biloba sarcotesta was heated at $130^{\circ}C$ for 2 h and extracted with water, 70% ethanol and 80% methanol. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities increased after heating in the water (14.95 mg AAE/g and 7.36 mg TE/g) and ethanol extracts (12.20 mg AAE/g and 6.23 mg TE/g). ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activity decreased after heating in all but the water extract. Angiotensin converting enzyme I inhibitory activities decreased after heating in all extracts. Nitric oxide production inhibitory activity increased from 12.40~44.55% of the raw sample to 40.76~72.39% of the heated sample at a concentration of $200{\mu}g/mL$. Lipid accumulation inhibitory activities were similar before and after heat treatment. The highest antiproliferative effects on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines were observed in 80% methanol extract in the heated sample. Cell viability at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ measured 34.88, 17.58, 8.44 and 10.48%, respectively. From the results, the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of G. biloba sarcotesta extracts increased with heat treatment, and research on the identification of the structure for the active compounds are needed in further studies.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.493-501
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• 2007

The imprecise real-time system provides flexibility in scheduling time-critical tasks. Most scheduling problems of satisfying both 0/1 constraint and timing constraints, while the total error is minimized, are NP-complete when the optional tasks have arbitrary processing times. Liu suggested a reasonable strategy of scheduling tasks with the 0/1 constraint on uniprocessors for minimizing the total error. Song et at suggested a reasonable strategy of scheduling tasks with the 0/1 constraint on multiprocessors for minimizing the total error. But, these algorithms are all off-line algorithms. In the online scheduling, the NORA algorithm can find a schedule with the minimum total error for the imprecise online task system. In NORA algorithm, EDF strategy is adopted in the optional scheduling. On the other hand, for the task system with 0/1 constraint, EDF_Scheduling may not be optimal in the sense that the total error is minimized. Furthermore, when the optional tasks are scheduled in the ascending order of their required processing times, NORA algorithm which EDF strategy is adopted may not produce minimum total error. Therefore, in this paper, an online algorithm is proposed to minimize total error for the imprecise task system with 0/1 constraint. Then, to compare the performance between the proposed algorithm and NORA algorithm, a series of experiments are performed. As a conseqence of the performance comparison between two algorithms, it has been concluded that the proposed algorithm can produce similar total error to NORA algorithm when the optional tasks are scheduled in the random order of their required processing times but, the proposed algorithm can produce less total error than NORA algorithm especially when the optional tasks are scheduled in the ascending order of their required processing times.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 1997

For the effective production of functional oligosaccharides(DP 3-5) from inulin in chicory extracts, the acid hydrolysis and enzymatic endo-inulinase reaction were compared. Acid hydrolysis was unfavorable ; the content of oligosacharides in total sugar increased to 26.0% for 12 min at $55^{\circ}C$ and 24.6% at 6 min at $65^{\circ}C$ and showed little change for 30 min. The content of high DP(DP 6) decreased from 83.5 to 49.5% and 23.0% for 30 min, repectively. Glucose, fructose and sucrose increased to 24.6% and 50.3%, respectively. Hydrolysis of chicory extracts with purified endo-inulinase from Arthrobacter sp. S37 was carried out at $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.5 for 44 hrs. The content of high DP($DP{\geq}6$) in total sugar decreased from 83.5 to 23.0% and that of inulobiose(F2) and DP 3-5 increased to 66.1%. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were not produced. The hydrolysis of chicory extracts without DP 1 and DP 2 with crude or with purified enzyme were also carried out. In contrast to the hydrolysate of crude enzyme, that of purified endo-inulinase did not contain glucose, fructose, sucrose, F2 and 1-kestose(GF2). The content of oligosaccharides in the hydrolysate of the purified endo-inulinase were 79.2%, composed mainly of inulotriose(F3), inulotetraose(F4) and inulopentaose(F5), which shows that the enzymatic hydrolysis using purified endo-inulinase from Arthrobacter sp. S37 is the best method for oligosaccharides production from inulin in chicory extracts.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-27
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• 1993

In order to determine the protein requirements of the Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli six isocaloric diets containing crude protein level from 20\%\;to\;60\%$ were fed to two groups of fish, small and large size, with the initial average body weight of 8 g and 220 g respectively. White fish meal was used as a sole protein source. Daily weight gain, daily protein retention. daily energy retention, feed efficiency, protein retention efficiency and energy retention efficiency were significantly affected by the dietary protein content (p< 0.05). The growth parameters (that is, daily weight gain, daily protein retention and daily energy retention) increased up to $44\%$ protein level with no additional response above this point. The protein requirements were determined from daily weight gain using two different mathematical models. Second order polynomial regression analysis showed that maximum daily weight gain occurred at $56.7\%\;and\;50.6\%$ protein levels for the small size group and the large size group, respectively. However the protein requirements, determined by the broken line model, appeared to be about $40\%$ for both groups. Nutrient utilization also suggested that the protein requirements of both groups were close to $40\%$. When daily protein intake was considered, daily protein requirements per 100g of fish, estimated by the broken line model, were 0.99g and 0.35g for the small and large size groups respectively. Based on these results, a $40\%$ dietary crude protein level could be recommended for the optimum growth and efficient nutrient utilization of the Korean rockfish weighing between 8g and 300g.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.37-54
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• 2009

The purpose of this thesis is to address the imbalance between supply and demand of dental lab technicians and to propose its solutions by analyzing the improvement of employment rate of graduates of dental technology schools in Daegu area and the supply and demand of the technician workforce. Preliminary and full-scale surveys were performed from Aug. 10 to Oct. 10 in 2008 on 150 junior students of dental technology schools who finished their on-the-job-training and 150 dental technicians who were working for dental laboratory in Daegu by self-assessment questionnaire. Followings are the findings of this study. First, regarding the gender of the dental technicians, 32.7% of respondents were female 67.3% were male. Concerning age, respondents younger than 29 years-old occupied the highest percentage(39.3%). With respect to the lab technology school they graduated, DaeguHealthCollege took the largest proportion of 87.3%. With regard to interpersonal relationship at the school, 58.0% of respondents felt their relationship 'smooth'. Second, about the motive of choosing to be a lab technician, the biggest proportion of the respondents(34.7%) replied that 'because it is professional'. Regarding the degree of satisfaction about the profession, 'so-so' was the answer with the biggest percentage(51.3%) followed by 'satisfied'(32.0%) and 'unsatisfied'(16.7%). It showed that respondents were generally satisfied with their major. Third, regarding relevance of on-the-job-training with 'preparation for the employment', highest percentage of both students and lab technicians(50.0%) replied 'so-so'. With respect to 'necessity of practical education', highest percentage of the students and lab technicians replied 'relating didactic education in college to the real world' with 52.7% and 40.7% respectively. With regard to 'the aim of on-the-sport-training', 'practical training of didactic education' was chosen by 54.0% and 47.3% respectively. Fourth, with regard to the 'types of college education advantageous for the employment', both students and lab technicians groups chose 'practical training' with the highest percentage. Concerning 'helpfulness of clinical training on employment', students answered 'so-so' and 'helpful' by 50.0% and 42.7% respectively and dental technicians replied similarly by 50.0% and 46.0% respectively. Fifth, with regard to the influence of financial factors on the supply and demand of dental technician(question #1), 68.0% of respondents agreed that 'salary plays key role in the supply and demand of the work force'. Concerning the question about working condition, respondents requested better working environment. With reference to interpersonal relationship at the laboratory, respondents replied that interpersonal relationship affects the duration of the employment it was found out that there were many conflicts with colleagues or dental office. Sixth, regarding the satisfaction about their profession according to the characteristics of the respondents more respondents were 'satisfied'(10.30 points) with their profession and 'unsatisfied' were 9.47 points and the difference was statistically significant(p<0.05). According to the findings of this study, practical education on campus and on-the-job-training are as important as didactic education at class due to the characteristics of dental technology major. It was found that more practical training is related to higher employment rate. Therefore, efficiency of on-the-job-training by college education should be increased raise employment rate of the graduates and reduce the unemployment. Up-to-date information needs to be promptly delivered and future vision should be presented to the students to raise their satisfaction about the profession. In addition, to reduce dental technician's frequent change of their workplace after facing with the reality of the profession after graduation, related organizations should make an effort to present better future than now.