• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.123-134
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• 2012

Hydrochemical analyses, carbon isotopic (${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$) analyses, and noble gas isotopic ($^3He/^4He$ and $^4He/^{20}Ne$) analyses of the Dalki carbonate waters in the Chungsong area were carried out to elucidate their hydrochemical composition and to determine the source of $CO_2$ gas and noble gases. The carbonate waters have a pH of between 5.93 and 6.33, and an electrical conductivity 1950 to $3030{\mu}S/cm$. The chemical composition of all carbonate waters was Ca(Mg)-$HCO_3$, with a high Na content. The contents of Fe, Mn, and As in some carbonate waters exceed the limit stipulated for drinking water. The concentrations of major ions are slightly higher than those reported previously. The ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ values range from -6.70‰ to -4.47‰, indicating that the carbon originated from a deep-seated source. The $^3He/^4He$ and $^4He/^{20}Ne$ ratios vary from $7.67{\times}10^{-6}$ to $8.38{\times}10^{-6}$ and from 21.32 to 725.7, respectively. On the $^3He/^4He$ versus $^4He/^{20}Ne$ diagram, the noble gas isotope ratios plot in the field of a deep-seated source, such as mantle or magma. We therefore conclude that $CO_2$ gas and noble gas in the Dalki carbonate waters originated from a deep-seated source, rather than an inorganic $CO_2$ origin as suggested in a previous study.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine the effect of seeding times and mixture rates of oat and forage rape on the growth characteristics and forage yields during rest periods from March to June after the harvest of potatoes in potato cultivation fields located in the areas about 600m above the sea level in Jeju. The experiment was a split plot desist with seeding times(early, middle and late March) sown . at intervals of ten days from early March to late March as the nam plots and mixture rates as subplots, consisted of oat single(150kg/ha), forage rape single(15kg/ha), oat/rape mixtures 75 : 25% (112.5kg/ha of oat and 3.75kg/ha of rape), oat/rape mixtures 50 : 50％(75kg/ha of oat and 7.5kg/ha of rape) and oat/rape mixtures 25 : 75％(37.5kg/ha of oat and 11.3kg/ha of rape). The germination and establishment of eat and rape were not significantly different among seeding times and mixture rates. The plant heights were higher when seeded middle March compared to seeding times of early and late March. The growth stage of the oats seeded early March was dough stage, while that of oats seeded middle or late March was milk stage. The dry matter yields per ha were higher(p<0.05) when seeded middle March than those of seeding time of early and late March. The crude protein contents of rape single, mixtures and oat single treatments were 15.9, 12.4∼14.5 and 8.5％, respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.476-487
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• 2020

Purpose: This study evaluated the accuracy of the 24-hour diet recall method for estimating energy intakes in elderly women using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. Methods: The subjects were 23 elderly women with a mean age of 70.3 ± 3.3 years and body mass index (BMI) of 23.9 ± 2.8 kg/㎡. The total energy expenditure (TEE_DLW) was determined by using the DLW and used to validate the 24-hour diet recall method. The total energy intake (TEI) was calculated from the 24-hour diet recall method for three days. Results: TEI (1,489.6 ± 211.1 kcal/day) was significantly lower than TEE_DLW (2,023.5 ± 234.9 kcal/day) and was largely under-reported by -533.9 ± 228.0 kcal/day (-25.9%). The accurate prediction rate of elderly women in this study was 8.7%. The Bland-Altman plot, which was used to evaluate the TEI and the TEE_DLW, showed that the agreement between them was negatively skewed, ranging from -980.8 kcal/day to -86.9 kcal/day. Conclusion: This study showed that the energy intake of elderly women was underreported. Strategies to increase the accuracy of the 24-hour diet recall methods in the elderly women should be studied through analysis of factors that affect underreporting rate. Further studies will be needed to assess the validity of the 24-hour diet recall method in other population groups.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.438-445
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• 2010

Soils in continuous monoculture cropping system generally have a number of physical and chemical problems. Thus, we studied to investigate selected soil properties in continuous watermelon cropping plots with applications of different soil management practices: 1) conventional farming practice (CFP), 2) chemical fertilizer management practice (FMP), the FMP with different amounts, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 t $ha^{-1}$, of oyster shell meal application (FMP-OS 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 t $ha^{-1}$), and 3) the FMP with different amounts, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 t $ha^{-1}$, of peat application (FMP-PT 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 t $ha^{-1}$) and also to evaluate watermelon quality. Soil pH slightly increased only in the FMP-OS 1.5 t $ha^{-1}$ plot, while it was not changed or decreased a little in other plots. The contents of soil organic matter (SOM) expectedly increased in the FMP-PT plots, whereas it markedly decreased in the FMP-OS plots. The concentrations of exchangeable cations, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $K^+$, in soils were mostly dropped down in most of the FMP and FMP-PT plots. Otherwise, the exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ concentration increased a bit in the FMP-OS plots. Also, the concentrations of water-soluble anions, $NO_3^-$, $Cl^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, and ${PO_4}^{3-}$, in soils mostly declined in all the plots applied with the different management practices during the study years. Due to the cation and anion decreases, the electrical conductivity (EC) values in the soils were greatly reduced in the plots. Thus, the soil management practices applied, especially oyster shell meal and peat treatments, might be useful to control soil conditions. However, watermelon quality, such as sugar content and fruit weight, would not be associated with the soil management practices applied.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.4-9
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate effect of NaCl treatment on growth oyster mushroom and Trichoderma spp. on PDA and in rice straws. We also investigated the possibility of oyster mushroom cultivation using rice straw harvested from the reclaimed land having been drained sea water. Mycelial growth of oyster mushroom was increased by treatment of 0.2% NaCl but decreased by treatment of the higher concentration of NaCl. In the case of the mycelial growth on PDA of Trichoderma spp., no change was found in 0.5%~1.0% NaCl, but decreased in the range of 1.0%~3.0% NaCl and drastically decreased at 5.0% NaCl. In the rice straws treated with different concentration of NaCl solution, mycelial growth of oyster mushroom showed almost same result compare to PDA. The spore formation of Trichoderma mould was almost same in both 0% and 0.3% NaCl, decreased in 0.5% and was not found spores in the higher concentration of NaCl. As increasing salt concentration in the rice straws, the NaO contents were increased. The $K_2O$ contents were decreased before and after sterilization. The moisture content of rice straws showed no difference by treatment of 3.0% NaCl but decreased the moisture by treatment of 5.0% NaCl. No pH change was found in the rice straws treated with NaCl. Mushroom yield in the rice straw of reclaimed land was a little higher than that of normal paddy land straw. The duration of primordium formation was not affected by NaCl concentration in rice straws. The yield of fruiting body in 0.3% NaCl treatment was 2,700kg, which was almost same to non-treated plot, but decreased in 0.5% NaCl. EC value of soaking water after submerging rice straw was higher than before, but NaO content was not changed at both condition.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 1987

This study was conducted to verify the identity and the effects on soil improvements by the application of Barley stone which has been recently named as miraculous mineral on account of being propagandized as health stone because of several special effect of medicine, the supplement of micronutrients for agriculture, prevention against diseases and insects of plant, and the increase of nutrient holding capacity of soil. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Barley stone is considered as Diabase Porphyrite by the analysis of X-ray Diffraction, chemical composition and microspore's observation. This mineral stone called as Barley stone has been deducted because of being seen as if the feature was attatched with cooked barley and appearently scattered about feldspar's phenocryst on the dark-green stone base. 2. In chemical characteristics of barley stone, the pH 8.7 was higher but C.E.C. 9.0 me/100g was lower then those of other clay minerals such as Bentonite and Zeolite, and so barley stone material was not considered suitable for improvement of sandy loam soil. 3. Effects of Bentonite and Zeolite application on yield of paddy rice were 108-109% compare to non-treated plot, but Barley stone has not increased rice yield. Notwithstanding the increase of application of barely stone to 5 ton per 10a, the yield increase was not significantly showing only 102-103% and the effects of Peanut, hot pepper and chinese cabbage were not recognized either.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.350-357
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate an effect of soil water retention and chinese cabbage growth on application of super water absorbent(CPAM-AS-hyd). In seedling experiments, the CPAM-AS-hyd application rates were 0, 5 and 10kg/10a in bed soil of experimental field. The emergence percentage of chinese cabbage was increased by 9% with application of CPAM-AS-hyd otherwise emergence rates was delayed by 1 day. Water content in soil with CPAM-AS-hyd(10kg/10a) was 27.6%(v/v) at 10days after irrigation and that of control was 20.7%. The CPAM-AS-hyd application caused to alleviate wilting point by 5 days. The content of NO3-N in bed soil was increased with CPAM-AS-hyd application. In the field experiments, as the CPAM-AS-hyd application rates were 5kg/10a and 10kg $10a^{-1}$, the irrigation amounts applied during the growth periods were 1.87 ton, 1.65 ton and 1.53 ton at-0.2bar irrigation frequence and 1.38 ton, 1.25 ton and 1.15 ton at -0.5bar for growth period control, in the CPAM-AS-hyd of 5kg $10a^{-1}$ and CPAM-AS-hyd of 10kg $10a^{-1}$ plot, respectively. The CPAM-AS-hyd application caused to increase yield of chinese cabbage by 9~34% as compared to the control. The contents of $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ in soil were decreased with the CPAM-AS-hyd application in 10 days after transplanting of chinese cabbage, but the contents of those in soil were increased with the CPAM-AS-hyd application as compared to the control in 20 days after transplanting. The T-N, CaO, MgO and $K_2O$ contents in chinese cabbage increased due to the CPAM-AS-hyd application however $P_2O_5$ content was similar to the control.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the seeding and harvesting dates on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield and quality of com for silage in alpine area(altitude 800m a.s.l.) of National Livestock Research Institute from 2001 to 2002. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of three seeding dates, 10 May, 20 May and 30 May. Sub plots consisted of harvesting dates, 15 September, 25 September and 5 October. Tassel height of com was decreased with seeding dates, 30 May, 10 May and 20 May in order, and harvesting date of 5 October was apt to be high. Ear height of com was decreased with seeding dates, 20 May, 30 May, and 10 May in order, and harvesting date of 15 September was the lowest of all treatments. Ear rate of com was decreased with late seeding dates, and it was the highest with harvesting date of 5 October. Dry matter yield was decreased with late seeding dates(P<0.05), and it was increased with late harvesting regardless of seeding dates(P<0.05). Crude protein content of com stover was increased with late seeding dates, and that of com ear was the highest with seeding date of 20 May. And crude protein contents of com stover and ear were the highest with harvesting date of 15 September. NDF contents of com stover and ear were the highest with seeding date of 10 May and 20 May, respectively, and NDF content of com stover was the highest with seeding date of 10 May and there was no difference among treatments in NDF content of ear. ADF content of com stover was 42.1 to 42.6% regardless of seeding dates, and that of com ear was the highest with seeding date of 30 May. ADF content of com stover and ear was increased with early harvesting date excepting for harvesting date of 20 May. These results indicate that 20 May and 25 September would be the optimum seeding date and harvesting date, respectively, for dry matter yield and nutritive value of silage com in alpine area.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.23-44
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• 1988

The evaportranspiration of upland crops was measured by four types of lysimeter and water consumption characteristics together with the optimum irrigation point by the crops was defind. Among the evapotranspiration estimation formulas, the constant of wind function in the modified Penman equation was corrected to agree with the meteorological conditions of Korea. The evapotranspiration of the crops in the project standard year was estimated according to the cropping system of the project area in Chungju, and from the estimated evapotras - spiration, net duty of water per one time and irrigation in tervals were investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The evapotranspiration of the same crop measured at the same plot was slightly different by the lysimetric methods, and among the four types of lysimeter, the accuracy of the floating lysimeter was the highest. 2. The yields among the watering treatments showed the significance of 5% in the expe- riment with red cabbage and Chinese cabbage, and significance of 1% in the crisphead lettuce, and the optimum irrigation point for the tested crops was defined ad pF 2.0 by the least squre difference test. 3. The evapotranspiration of the crops in the mid-season stage showed maximum among the growing stages, and the average daily evapotranspiration by the crops over the growing seasons of cabbage, crisphead lettuce, Chinese cabbage, summer cucumber, tornato, salary and autumn cucumber was 4.18mm, 4.77mm, 3.9qrnm, 5.68mnn, joonim, 4.26mm and 3.3qrnn, respectively. 4. From the investigated soil moisture extration pattern(SMEP) of the crisphead lettuce, cucumber and tomato, the proportion of the first layer in the initial stage showed over so%, and the SMEP of the lowest fourth layer during the late-season stage in the experiment cabbage and Chinese cabbage was 15.8% and 16.9, respectively, with showed that the root elongated th the lowest soil layer. 5. The total available moisture(TAM) of clay loam was 21.2-23.3mm and that of sandy loam was 16.1 - 19.0mm under the optimum irrigation point of pF. 2.0, and the total readily available moisture( TRAM) of the crops cultivated in the clay loam soil was larger than that cultivated in the sandy loam soil, and the TRAM during the mid-and late-season were larger than that of the inital and crop development stage. 6. The estimated evapotranspration by the corrected Pennam equation, whkh corrected the constant of the wind function in the modified Penman equation, was nearly agreed with the actually measured evaporanspiration of grass. 7. Among the several evaportranspiration estimation methods, the evapotranspiration es- timated by the corrected Pennam equation was closed to the actual evapotranspiration of reference crop (grass) evapotranspiration, therefore it is suggested to use the corrected Penman equation to determine the duty of water of corps. 8. The average crop coefficient (Kc) of cabbage by the corrected Penman equation was 0.94 and that of crisphead lettuce, summer cucumber, tomato, salary, Chinese cabbage and autumn cucumber was 1.07, 1.22, 1.02, 1.01, 1.35, 1.09, respectively 9. The estimated total evapotranspiration of cabbage in the project area( Chungju) by the corrected Penman equation was 223.9mm and that of crisphead lettuce, Chinese cabbage, summer cucumber, tomato, salary and auturun cucumber was 215.7mm, 205.9mm, 359.Omrn, 300.9mm, 332.lmm and 202.7mm, respectively. 10. The net duty of water per one time of the crops cultivated in the sandy loam soil, and the net duty of water per one time in the mid-season & late-season showed larger than that of the initial stage. 11. The shortest irrigation interval of cabbage in the project area was 4.2 days, and that of crisphead lettuce, Chinese cabbage, cucumber, tomato and salary was 1.2days, 2.3days, 1.8days, 2.2days and 2.7days, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of such erosion control measures as sowing, planting and small earth structures on the soil and vegetation. In order to study the changes in soil and vegetation, 36 plots were surveyed from 1981 to 1982 in the large erosion control area which is restored last 20 years. The factors which were measured included vegetation coverage, tree growth, number of species, soil depth, soil consistancy, and Chemical properties of soil. The results were as follows; 1) Maximum coverage of the overstory and understory was attained 7 years after the initiation of erosion control. So the overstory need to be tended and pruned. 2) Diversity of species increased until age 6 after which it began to decrease. 3) In order of tree growth, black locust was the fastest, followed by siberian alder and pitch pine. The initial growth of black locust, though the best among the 3 tree stop., decreased rapidly year by year. At the same time, siberian alder and pitch pine grew well until 12 and 6 years after the initiation of erosion control respectively. 4) Fifty percent of the initially planted trees died within 8 yeard. The mortality of siberian alder occurred until the 20th year while the mortality of pitch pine stopped after 10 years. Thereafter 500 trees per hectare were maintained. 5) The soil depth in A and B horision increased by 2cm annually during 20 years. The soil consistency also decreased rapidly until 7th year. The physical soil properties of the rehabilitated areas were improved after the 14th year. 6) The soil pH tend to decrease from 5.3 during the first year to 5.1 during the twentieth year. 7) The organic matter and nitrogen content in the soil were increased by fertilization but after 20 years these nutrients are still deficient for normal tree growth. 8) The phosphorous content in the soil was high in the first year but the longer the period after the initiation of erosion control the lese the content of phosphorous. 9) The biomass of black locust was the highest and increased continuously. The biomass of siberian alder on the contrary decreased from the 15th year because the number of trees in this place was very low. The total biomass in the twentieth year after erosion control initiation was 105.7 ton per hectare.