• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.117-133
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• 2008

Objectives : Since ancient times, Koreans have applied medicinal spabaths for treatment of various diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of strontium, one of the common ingredients of such baths, experimentally on acute skin barrier damage. Materials and Methods : Male hairless mice, average weight 20g, were divided into six groups. Each group consisted of five mice. The first was the normal, non-treated group. The second was the control group with acute skin barrier damage intentionally induced by TS. The third was the Ba-Sr1 group bathed in 1mg/L strontium chloride before and after inducing acute skin barrier damage by TS. The fourth was the Ba-Sr7 group bathed in 7mg/L strontium chloride before and after inducing acute skin barrier damage by TS. The fifth was the Sr1 group bathed in 1mg/L of strontium chloride only after intentionally inducing acute skin barrier damage by TS. The sixth was the Sr7 group bathed in 7mg/L of strontium chloride only after intentionally inducing acute skin barrier damage by TS. External changes of skin, skin erythema level, transepidermal water loss level, and GOT and GPT level of each group were checked immediately before and after TS, 3 hrs, 5 hrs and 24 hrs after inducing acute skin barrier damage. Then, tissue samples were made and examined for damage to epithelial cells, stratum corneum, change of mucous polysaccharide in dermis and amount of mast cells. Statistical analysis was performed by one way-ANOVA, Scheffe and Duncan for a post hoc test and pairwise comparison for comparing for difference between each time. Statistical significance was achieved if the probability was less than 5% (p<0.05) Results : 1. From skin erythema and TEWL level indicating the function of the skin barrier, we can know that it is helpful to the skin barrier to bathe in a water solution including a low concentration of strontium. 2. In the control group with acute skin barrier damage induced by TS, skin barrier damage persisted until 3-5 hrs and recovered after 5-24 hrs. Differently from the control group, in the case of taking a bath in a water solution including strontium, skin barrier damage recovered after only 3-5 hrs. Therefore, the bath with a water solution including strontium can promote recovery of the skin barrier. 3. Bathing in water solution including a higher concentration of strontium was more beneficial to recovery of skin barrier damage. 4. There was no influence on serum GOT and GPT from bathing in a water solution including strontium. Conclusions : The strontium was effective for recovery and mitigation of acute skin barrier damage induced by tape stripping. I suggest that strontium (Sr) can be used as an external treatment medicine, addedinto bath water to treat acute skin barrier damage.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.1285-1294
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• 1998

본 연구는 산업 부산물인 유청분말과 필름 matrix를 보조하는 sodium caseinate를 혼합 이용하여 생고분자 필름을 제조하기 위한 필름용액의 최적 pH를 결정하였으며, 각기 다른 혼합비의 유청분말-sodium caseinate 혼합물로 제조한 생고분자필름의 기계적 성질에 미치는 가소제의 영향을 조사하고, 유청분말의 혼합비율을 높게 하였을 때 나타나는 낮은 필름의 기계적 성질을 가교제를 첨가하여 개선함으로써 최대한 유청분말을 이용할 수 있는 혼합비율과 제조조건을 결정하였다. 필름제조 결과, 유청분말과 sodium caseinate의 혼합비율이 70 : 30까지 필름으로써의 기계적 기능을 부여했으며, 그 이상의 유청분말 함량에서는 유청분말 중의 높은 lactose의 함량에 기인한 끈적거리는 현상이 나타나 기계적 성질에 대한 실험을 할 수 없었다. pH에 따른 필름의 성상은 필름의 pH가 5.0이하이었을 때에는 필름용액이 겔화되어 유리판에 부을 수가 없었으며, pH 6.0과 7.0일 경우에는 필름용액 중 원료 단백질이 완전히 용해되지 않아 입자가 존재하였다. 필름용액의 pH를 10.0으로 조절하였을 때 최대 인장강도(TS)와 최대 신장률(E)이 각각 15.2 MPa과 191.8%를 보여 가장 필름형성에 적합한 pH로 나타났다. 가소제로서 glycerol의 사용은 부적합한 것으로 나타났으며, 가소제로서 sorbitol을 필름원료 혼합물의 30%와 40%로 첨가하였을 때 제조된 필름의 최대 인장강도는 각각 10.8 MPa자 6.6 MPa로, 또한 최대 신장률은 각각 96.5%와 149.7%로 나타나 가장 필름형성에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 필름의 기계적 성질에 미치는 가교제의 영향은 가소제로써 sorbitol 30%를 사용하였을 때에는 sodium citrate가, 가소제로써 sorbitol 40%를 사용하였을 때는 sodium chloride가 가장 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서는 필름용액의 pH를 10.0으로 조절하고 가소제와 가교제를 첨가함으로써 혼합원료 중 유청분말의 비율을 70%까지 사용하여 양호한 기계적 성질을 지닌 생고분자 필름을 제조할 수 있었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2001

This study was designed to assess the iron nutritional status and anemia of high school students. 383 female subjects in Ulsan Metropolitan city were evaluated using a questionnaire, and a measurement of hematological indices. The average height and weight of the respondents were 161.24$\pm$4.90 cm and 53.12$\pm$6.37kg, repectively. The average BMI(body mass index) was 20.43$\pm$2.26 which was in the normal ramge. The average hemoglobin(Hb) concentration of the subjects was 13.14$\pm$0.97g/dl, and the average hematocrit(Hct) level was 40.84$\pm$17.40%. Transferrin saturation{TS(%)} was 20.86$\pm$10.32%, and the ferritin by Hct(＜36%), 27.2%by TS(＜14%),26.6% by ferritin(＜12 ng/ml). As for clinical symptoms, the greatest number of respondents reported that they experienced ‘decreased ability to concectrate’. Mean daily intakes of iron were 14.89$\pm$4.48 mg and heme iron intakes were 5.04$\pm$2.13 mg, which was 29.6% of total iron intake. The total iron binding capacity(TIBC) was negatively correlated with Hb concentration(r= -0.222, p＜0.01). Serum ferritin was positively correlated with Hb concentration(r= - 0.323, p＜0.05) and negatively correlated with TIBC(r= -0.367, p＜0.01). TS(%) was positively correlated with Hb concentration(r= 0.402, p＜0.01) and positively correlated with serum ferritin(r=0.413, p＜0.01). As for the correlation between blood biochemistry and clinical symptoms related to anemia, the Hb concentration was negatively correlated with ‘shortening of breath when going upstairs(p＞0.05)’ and ‘cold hands and feet’ significantly(r= -0.109, p＜0.05). The level of Mean corpuscular volume(MCV) was negatively correlated with ‘feel dizzy when standing up’,‘tired out easily’, and ‘decrease ability to concentrate’ significantly(p＜0.05). In particular, the level of Fe was negatively correlated with ‘shortening of breath when going upstairs’ and ‘feeling blue’ significantly(p＜0.01). These results suggest That the prevalence of iron deficiency of female high school students is very high, therefore guidelines for diet supports and nutrition education to improve their iron status should be provided.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.249-253
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• 2003

강서구를 제외한 부산 전지역에서 1998년도에 조사된 지하수 수질 중 6개 성분(pH, TS, KMnO$_4$, Cl, SO$_4$, NO$_3$-N)에 대한 일반통계분석 결과 pH 성분을 제외하고는 5개 성분의 중앙값이 평균보다 적은 값을 보이는 양성왜도를 보임으로써, 수질오염정도를 분석하기 위해 지시크리깅이라는 비모수적인 지구통계분석기법을 적용하였다. 6개 수질성분에 대해 음용수 기준치를 적용하여 음용가능은 “1”의 값이, 음용불가능은 “0”의 값이 주어졌다. 이렇게 변환된 자료를 이용하여 각 성분별로 실험적인 베리오그램 분석을 실시한 결과 pH, TS, SO$_4$ 성분은 선형모델이 선정되었으며, KMnO$_4$, Cl, NO$_3$-N 성분은 구상형모델이 선정되었다. 본 연구에서는 지시크리깅을 이용하여 6개 성분의 분포도를 작성하고 부산지역의 오염정도를 분석하였다. 지시크리깅기법은 연구지역 전체의 정량적인 분포를 나타내지는 못하지만, 오염의 유.무와 오염의 크기를 정확하게 파악할 수 있으며 또한, 이상치(outlier)가 크게 영향을 미칠 수 있는 통계학적인 오류를 보완할 수 있다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.370-375
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• 2009

목 적 : 터너증후군 환자에서 대사증후군과 심혈관 질환의 위험성이 높다. 성인 연령의 터너증후군 환자들에서 대사증후군 관련요인을 분석하고, 인슐린 저항성의 대사위험성을 알아보기 위한 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 43명의 성인 터너증후군 환자에서 대사증후군의 빈도와 관련 요인 값들을 분석하였다. HOMA-IR을 이용하여 인슐린 저항성군과 비저항성군으로 분류한 후 각 집단을 분석하고, HOMA- IR과 대사 증후군 관련요인의 상관관계를 알아보았다. 결 과 : 대사증후군은 터너증후군 환자의 7%에서 보였고 각 항목에 대해서 인슐린 저항성은 16.3%, 복부 비만이 15.4%, 고중성지방이 2.3%, 저HDL 콜레스테롤이 9.3%였고, 고혈압이 36.8 %였다. 체질량지수, 허리둘레, 공복 혈당, HOMA-IR, 수축기 혈압은 인슐린 저항성군에서 의미 있게 높게 나왔으며, HOMA-IR은 체질량지수, 허리둘레, 공복 혈당, 수축기 혈압과 양의 상관관계를 보였다(P<0.05). 결 론 : 터너증후군 성인 환자들에서 대사증후군의 위험성이 있으며, 인슐린 저항성과 대사증후군 관련요인 간에 상관관계를 보인다. 터너증후군 환자들에게서 대사관련 요인을 일정기간 마다 검사하여 대사증후군 또는 인슐린 저항성으로의 진행여부를 감시하고 심혈관 합병증을 예방하는 것이 필요하다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2014

본 연구는 ET가 함유된 소금의 섭취가 요를 통한 나트륨 배출에 미치는 단기간의 효과를 확인하기 위하여 연구를 수행하였다. 실험기간 동안 일반소금을 섭취한 대조군, ET가 함유된 소금을 섭취한 실험군 Salt + ET에서 식이섭취 및 체중증가는 Day 7에는 통계적으로 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 물 섭취량은 Day 1과 Day 7에서 모두 Salt + ET에서 높은 경향을 보였다. 요량을 측정한 결과 Salt와 비교하여 ET를 섭취한 Salt + ET에서 약 27% 높았으며 Day 1과 Day 7에서 모두 통계적으로 유의적인 증가가 관찰되었다 (p < 0.05). 시험기간 동안 요를 통해 배출된 총 나트륨과 칼륨의 양을 산출한 결과 ET를 섭취한 Salt + ET에서 1일차와 7일차에 모두 높게 나타났으며, 특히 7일차에 ET를 섭취한 Salt + ET에서 유의적으로 증가하였다(p < 0.01). 혈중 나트륨 농도와 칼륨 농도에서는 두 그룹간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이러한 결과들을 종합하여 볼 때 단기간의 ET 섭취에도 ET의 이뇨작용으로 인한 요량의 증가를 통해 전해질 배출에 도움을 줄 수 있으며 부작용이 많은 이뇨제들 대신으로 쓰일 수 있는 이뇨제 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 사료되며, 향후 더 많은 연구와 분석들을 통해 혈압 강하제의 잠재적인 효과도 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.152-157
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 새로운 간섭 모델, 실제적인 HAPS(High Altitude Platform Station) 간섭 시나리오, HAPS 시스템과 FWA(Fixed Wireless Access) 시스템에 대한 안테나 패턴, 송신 전력 등과 같은 파라미터들을 이용하여 HAPS 시스템의 지상국(GS: Ground Station)으로부터 P-MP(Point-to-Multipoint) FWA 기지국(BS: Base Station)로의 간섭 및 HAPS 시스템의 GS로부터 FWA 단말국(TS: Terminal Station)으로의 간섭 영향에 대하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과를 보게 되면, HAPS GS로부터 P-MP FWA BS로의 간섭의 경우, 섹터화된 안테나를 사용하는 BS국이 nadir (HAPS 커버리지 중심)의 반대편을 바라보고 있을 때에 두 시스템은 효율적으로 운용될 수가 있다. 그러나 HAPS GS로부터 P-MP FWA TS로의 간섭의 경우에서는 충분한 이격거리가 보장되지 않거나, 간섭 경감 기법을 사용하지 않는다면 이 대역에서 두 시스템은 효율적인 스펙트럼 공유가 불가능하다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.81-90
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• 1995

In order to provide the basic information for the water quality modeling, the water pollution indicators of Sin stream and Keumho river flowing through Taegu city were measured, and the Periodical variations of these indicators were studied under the condition of stagnating for 19 days. For this experiment, three sampling sites(Sungpook bridge, Mutae bridge and Gangchang bridge) were selected. Sungpook bridge is located most down the Sin stream, Mutae bridge and Gangchang bridge are located on the lower Keumho river. The results were as follows. 1. The values of water pollution indicators measured at Mutae bridge were pH 8.7, TSS 51mg/1, TS 383mg/1, Cl- 60.68mg/1, turbidity 32FTU, DO 8.58mg/1, oxygen deficit 2.02mg/1, COD 16.32mg/1, organic carbon 13.60mg/1. 2. At Gangchang bridge located down more than Mutae bridge, the values of these indicators were pH 8.0, TSS 26mg/1, TS 737mg/1, Cl- 90.59mg/1, turbidity 37FTU,DO 3.49mg/1, oxygen deficit 7.11mg/1, COD 28.02mg/1, organic carbon 14.28mg/1. 3. At Sungpook bridge, the values of these indicators were pH 8.3, TSS 145mg/1, TS 344mg/1, Cl- 32.51mg/1, turbidity 60FTU, DO 6.53mg/1, oxygen deficit 4.07mg/1, COD 43.79mg/1, organic carbon 11.03mg/1. 4. At Mutae bridge and Sungpook bridge of which initial DOs were high, DOs have decreased under the condition of stagnating for 7 days and increased after that time. On the contrary, at Gangchang bridge of which oxygen deficit was very high(7.11mg/l), DO have increased under the condition of stagnating for 13 days and decreased after that time 5. All the samples showed the quick decrease of CODs and organic carbons under the condition of stagnating for 19 days. Nevertheless, at Sungpook bridge ·of which initial COD was yeW high(43.79mg/1), the value of COD measured at the last day of experiment was still high(21.35mg/1) because of a large quantity of reducing inorganic matters. 6. All the samples didn't show the distinct decrease of turbidities because of a large quantity of nonbiodegradable inorganic solids.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1199-1203
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• 2010

Second-order rate constants ($k_N$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for Michael-type reactions of 1-(X-substituted phenyl)-2-propyn-1-ones (2a-f) with a series of alicyclic secondary amines in MeCN at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The $k_N$ value increases as the incoming amine becomes more basic and the substituent X changes form an electron-donating group (EDG) to an electron-withdrawing group (EWG). The Br${\o}$nsted-type plots are linear with ${\beta}_{nuc}$ = 0.48 - 0.51. The Hammett plots for the reactions of 2a-f exhibit poor correlations but the corresponding Yukawa-Tsuno plots result in much better linear correlations with ${\rho}$ = 1.57 and r = 0.46 for the reactions with piperidine while ${\rho}$ = 1.72 and r = 0.39 for those with morpholine. The amines employed in this study are less reactive in MeCN than in water for reactions with substrates possessing an EDG, although they are ca. 8 pKa units more basic in the aprotic solvent. This indicates that the transition state (TS) is significantly more destabilized than the ground state (GS) in the aprotic solvent. It has been concluded that the reactions proceed through a stepwise mechanism with a partially charged TS, since such TS would be destabilized in the aprotic solvent due to the electronic repulsion between the negative-dipole end of MeCN and the negative charge of the TS. The fact that primary deuterium kinetic effect is absent supports a stepwise mechanism in which proton transfer occurs after the rate-determining step.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제15권E호
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• pp.17-28
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• 1999

Gas-liquid contact tests above a perforated-plate were conducted with air and water at flooding gas-flow conditions in order to study two-phase flow characteristics in a limestone-gypsum SO2 absorber. Gas layers were in the form of air pockets and confined to the limited areas around each duct pipe, while the remaining tary area were in the wet condition. The liquid above the tray was always in the flooded and even fluidized conditions at gas flows over the range studied, although vigorous bubbly or churn-turbulent two-phase regime was only observed in the immediate vicinity of the gas hole exit at low gas loads. The froth zone was extremely active to provide intimate contact between gas and liquid so that the necessary mass transfer operation can take place, which is the primary purpose of high-performance SO2 absorbers. Howefer, the absorber $\Delta$P was 250mmH2O for the initial water level at 150mm, which is an important issue to be resolved for economical operation of the SO2 absorber. It was seen in the liquid level-and gas flow-transient tests that changes in the absorber liquid inventory were much more pronounced for intimate gas-liquid contact than changes in the gas flow. Based on the 4- and 8-duct pipe test results, grouping the duct pipes near the center of the test tray seemed to promote better recirulation of liquid from gas-liquid contact zone back to the reaction tank so that the absorbed SO2 can be neutralized.