• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.323-331
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• 2000

목적 : 소세포 폐암 환자에서 생존율이 향상됨에 따라서 뇌전이의 임상적 중요성이 커지고 있다. PCI 는 뇌전이 빈도를 감소시키며 특히 완전관해된 제한병기 소세포 폐암 환자에서는 생존기간의 연장까지 가져온다는 보고도 있다. 저자들은 완전관해가 된 제한병기 소세포 폐암환자에서 PCI를 시행한 후 뇌전이의 빈도, 생존율 및 임상상을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1989년 3월부터 1999년 9월까지 충남대학교병원에 입원하여 조직학적으로 소세포 폐암으로 확진되고 병기분류상 제한병기로 분류된 후 항암 화학요법 및 방사선치료후 완전관해가 된 환자중 PCI를 시행 받은 42명올 대상으로 후향적분석을 하였다. 항암 화학요법은 초치료로 VPP/CAV교대요법을 6회이상 시행 하였고, 흉부 방사선치료는 동시치료군이 38.1%, 연속치료군이 61.9%였다. 결과 : 대상환자의 88.1%가 남자였고, 중앙연령은 58세였다. 중앙 관찰기간은 18.1개월이었다. 경과 관찰 중에 57.1%에서 전이 또는 재발하였는데, 뇌전이는 14.3%에서 발생하였고, 폐 원발병소에서 재발된 경우가 35.7%로 가장 많았다. 평균 무병생존기간은 1,090일(중앙값 305일), PCI후 뇌전이가 발생하기까지는 평균 2,548일, 뇌전이를 제외한 전이 및 재발되기까지는 평균 1,395일(중앙값 460일)이었다. 생존기간의 중앙값은 21.1개월, 2년생존율은 41.7% 이었다. 전이 및 재발이 발생한 군의 평균 생존기간은 642일(중앙값 489일), 발생하지 않은 군의 평균 생존기간은 2,622일로 유의한 차이가 있었으나, 뇌전이 유무에 따른 생존기간의 차이는 없었다. 사망원인은 원발 병소의 재발 및 전신질환에 의한 사망이 많았고(85.7%), 뇌전이자체에 의한 사망은 14.3%이었다. 결론 : 완전관해가 된 제한병기 소세포 폐암 환자에서 PCI는 뇌전이를 감소시키고 지연시키는 경향이 있었다. 전이 및 재발이 있는 군에서 생존기간이 짧았으나 뇌전이 유무에 따른 생존기간의 차이는 없었고 주된 사망원인이 뇌전이보다는 원발병소의 재발과 전이 및 전산질환에 의한 것이 대부분이어서, 생존율을 높이기위해서는 원발병소의 재발과 전이 및 전신질환에 의한 것이 대부분이어서, 생존율을 높이기 위해서는 원발병소의 재발 및 전이를 감소시킬 수 있는 효과적인 치료방법의 개발 및 전신진환의 적절한 조절이 필요한 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권13호
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• pp.5331-5336
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• 2014

Background: Early onset breast cancer is associated with poor outcomes but variable results have been reported. It is a significant problem in Pakistani women but remains under reported. Breast conservation plays an important role in surgical management of this younger patient group. The objective of this study was to determine the outcome of breast conservative therapy in patients with early onset breast cancer in our population and compare it with their older counterparts. Materials and Methods: A review of patients with invasive breast cancer who underwent breast conservation surgery at Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital from 1997 to 2009 was performed. Patients were divided into two groups i.e. Group I age ${\leq}40$ and Group II >40 years. A total of 401 patients with breast cancer were identified in Group I and 405 patients in Group II. Demographics, histopathological findings and receptor status of the two groups were compared. The Chi square test was used for categorical variables. Outcome was assessed on basis of 10 year locoregional recurrence free survival (LRRFS), disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). For survival analysis Kaplan Meier curves were used and significance was determined using the Log rank test. Cox regression was applied for multivariate analysis. Results: Median follow up was 4.31 (0.1-15.5) years. Median age at presentation was 34.6 years (17-40) and 51.9 years (41-82) for the two groups. Groups were significantly different from each other with respect to grade, receptor status, tumor stage and use of neoadjuvant therapy. No significant difference was present between the two groups for estimated 10 year LRRFS (86% vs 95%) (p=0.1), DFS (70% vs 70%) (p=0.5) and OS (75% vs 63%) (p=0.1). On multivariate analysis, tumor stage was an independent predictor of LRRFS, DFS and OS. Conclusions: Early onset breast cancer is associated with a distinct biology but does not lead to poorer outcomes in our population.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.66-71
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• 2018

Purpose: Respiratory morbidity is the most common problem among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units. Therefore, the aim of this study was to make a differential diagnosis between transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and pneumonia through comparison of clinical features and test results. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in 86 infants with TTN, RDS, or pneumonia. These were infants who had respiratory distress, were born after ${\geq}34$ weeks of gestation, and transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit of Kosin University Gospel Hospital between June 1, 2011 and June 30, 2016. Results: The numbers (percentage) of infants with TTN, RDS, and pneumonia were 51 (59.3%), 20 (23.3%), and 15 (17.4%), respectively. Late-preterm and early-term newborns accounted for 65.1% of the infants. Tachypnea was observed in 74.4% of the neonates. The median age at admission was 4 hours (0 to 116) after birth. The infants with RDS had significantly lower birth weights, pH levels, base excess and oxygen saturation levels at admission, longer duration of total ventilator therapy, and hospital stay than those in the other two groups. The infants with pneumonia showed significantly high initial high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and significant chest radiographic findings. Conclusion: Early differential diagnosis for TTN, RDS, and pneumonia is challenging because they show similar respiratory symptoms at an early stage. Clinical features and test results can be used to determine the etiology of respiratory distress and early antibiotic treatment.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2005

This paper proposes the heuristic approach for the generalized GT(Group Technology) problem to consider the restrictions which are given the number of cell, maximum number of machines and minimum number of machines. This approach is classified into two stages. In the first stage, we use the similarity coefficient method which is proposed and calculate the similarity values about each pair of all machines and align these values in descending order. If two machines which is selected is possible to link the each other on the edge of machine cell and they don't have zero similarity value, then we assign the machines to the machine cell. In the second stage, it is the course to form part families using proposed grouping efficacy. Finally, machine-part incidence matrix is realigned to block diagonal structure. The results of using the proposed approach are compared to the Modified p-median model.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2009

연구목적: 악구강계의 건강을 심미적, 기능적으로 유지 및 증진시키는 것을 목적으로 치아의 형태 이상이나 결손 등을 갖고 있는 환자들에게 고정성 보철 술식이 보편적으로 시술되어 오고 있다. 환자 스스로의 관리 부족과 더불어 부적절한 기공 과정으로 인해 보철물과 연관된 합병증이 발생할 수 있다. 이를 해결하고자 고정성 보철물의 장기간의 임상 상태 조사에 많은 노력을 기울여 왔으나 자료 수집에 어려움이 많았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 고정성 보철물의 임상적 상태를 조사하여 보철물의 치료 계획과 생존율을 높이는 guideline에 기여하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 2007년 4월에서 9월까지 6개월간 부산대학교병원 치과 보철과에 내원한 초진 환자 중 고정성 보철물을 장착하여 사용 중인 환자를 대상으로 보철물과 관련한 종합적인 상태를 조사하였다. 결과 및 결론: 1. 전체 고정성 보철물의 추정 수명은 10.0년이었고, 평균 장착 기간은 $8.6{\pm}0.6$년이었다. 2. 부위별 추정 수명은 차이가 없었으나(P>.05), 성공률은 하악과 구치부 보철물에서 높았고(P<.05), 전치-구치 혼합형 보철물에서는 실패율이 높았다(P<.05). 3. 재료별 추정 수명은 금속관이 14.0년으로 가장 길었고, 금합금관(10.0년), 귀금속 도재관(10.0년), 비귀금속 도재관(8.0년) 순이었다(P<.05). 그러나 금속관은 실패율이 높았고, 성공률은 금합금관과 귀금속 도재관에서 높았다. 4. 크기별 추정 수명은 차이를 보이지 않았으나(P>.05), 성공률은 단일관에서 높았고(P<.05), 실패율은 3-유닛 이상에서 높았다(P<.05). 5. 대합치 조건별 추정 수명은 차이가 없었으나(P>.05), 고정성 및 가철성 국소 의치가 대합치인 경우 실패율이 높았고, 자연치일 경우 성공률이 높았다(P<.05). 6. 고정성 보철물의 합병증은 치아 우식증(23.0%), 치주 질환(19.3%), 치수 질환(16.9%) 순이었고, 기계적 문제점은 변연 결함(28.2%), 보철물 파절(6.7%), 유지력 상실(4.8%) 순이었다. 보철물을 제거한 후 잔존 치질은 고정성 보철물의 합병증으로 인하여 30.1%가 수복 불가능한 상태였다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제72권6호
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• pp.481-485
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• 2012

Background: Tracheostomy is a common procedure for patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. However, the timing of tracheostomy is quite variable. This study was performed to find out the factors determining the timing of tracheostomy in medical intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Patients who were underwent tracheostomy between January 2008 and December 2009 in the medical ICU of Seoul National University Hospital were included in this retrospective study. Results: Among the 59 patients, 36 (61.0%) were male. Median Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores on the admission day were 28 and 7, respectively. The decision of tracheostomy was made on 13 days, and tracheostomy was performed on 15 days after endotracheal intubation. Of the 59 patients, 21 patients received tracheostomy before 2 weeks (group I) and 38 were underwent after 2 weeks (group II). In univariate analysis, days until the decision to perform tracheostomy (8 vs. 14.5, p<0.001), days before tracheostomy (10 vs. 18, p<0.001), time delay for tracheostomy (2.1 vs. 3.0, p<0.001), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (19.0% vs. 2.6%, p=0.049), existence of neurologic problem (38.1% vs. 7.9%, p=0.042), APACHE II scores (24 vs. 30, p=0.002), and $PaO_2/FiO_2$ <300 mm Hg (61.9% vs. 91.1%, p=0.011) were different between the two groups. In multivariate analysis, APACHE II scores${\geq}20$ (odds ratio [OR], 12.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14~136.19; p=0.039) and time delay for tracheostomy (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.11~3.55; p=0.020) were significantly associated with tracheostomy after 2 weeks. Conclusion: APACHE II scores${\geq}20$ and time delay for tracheostomy were associated with tracheostomy after 2 weeks.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1992

The quantitatively measured local myocardial perfusion rates with microspheres are used as an objective indicator of even distribution of cardioplegic solution, and the efficacy of the retrograde right atrial route of cardioplegia is evaluated in hearts with various levels of coronary arterial obstruction. After initial antegrade cardioplegia under the median sternotomy and aortic cannulation, 60 hearts from anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits are divided in random order as normal group [ligated left main coronary artery ; MA, MR] and diagonal group [ligated proximal diagonal artery ; LA, LR]. Half of each group [N=10] are perfused with antegrade cardioplegia[A] under the pressure of 100 cmH2O and the other half with retrograde right atrial route[R] under the pressure of 60 cmH2O[St. Thomas cardioplegic solution mixed with measured amount of microspheres]. The myocardium is subdivided into segments as A[atria], RV[right ventricle]. S[septum], LV[normally perfused left ventricular free wall], ROI[ischemic myocardium of left ventricular free wall]. LV and RQI are further divided into N[subendocardium] and P[subepicardium]. The resulting local myocardial perfusion rates and N /P of each group are compared with Wilcoxon rank sum test. The weight of the hearts is 5.94$\pm$0.66g, and there are no statistically significant dif-ferences[p>0.05, ANOVA] between six compared group. The mean flow rate[F: ml /g / min] of MR group is comparable with MA group[p>0.05], but in N and L group, there are significantly depressed F with right atrial route of cardioplegia, which means elevated perfusion resistance with this route. In spite of no significant differences in delivered doses of microsphere[DEL] between compared groups[p>0.05, ANOVA], there are significantly depressed REC and NF in hearts with right atrial cardioplegia which suggests increased requirement of cardioplegic solution with this route. The interventricular septum shows poor perfusion with right atrial route of cardioplegia without obstruction of supplying coronary arteries. But, with obstruction of coronary artery supplying septum as in M group, the flow rate is superior with right atrial route of infusion. The left ventricular free wall perfusion rates of every RQI with R route are superior to that of A route[p<0.05]. But, in LV segments, there are unfavorable effects of right atrial cardioplegia in L group, although the subendocardial perfusion is well maintained in N group. The LV free wall of left main group shows depressed perfusion rates with antegrade route as compared with RQI segments of diagonal group. But, by contraries, there are increased perfusion rates and superior N /P ratio with retrograde right atrial route. It implies more effective perfusion with right atrial route of cardioplegia in more proximal coronary arterial obstruction[i.e., M group as compared with L group]. As a conclusion, all region of ischemia have superior perfusion rates with right atrial car-dioplegia as compared with antegrade route, and especially excellent results can be obtained in hearts with more proximal obstruction of coronary arteries which would otherwise result in more severe ischemic damage. But, the depressed perfusion rates of the segments with normal coronary artery in hearts with coronary arterial obstruction may be a problem of concern with right atrial cardioplegia and needs solution.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.158-175
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• 2005

Statement of problem. Every effort has been continually made to obtain objectivity in measuring the longevity of fixed restorations, such as by establishing unified judgement standard for deciding success and adopting statistical method that analyzes the data of successful and failed cases at the same time. In Korea, however desired level of development has not to be made in this field yet. Purpose. This study, adopting California Dental Association (CDA) quality evaluation system, established objective standard for deciding success, and inferred the longevity of fixed restorations and their failure analysis through adopting Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Material and method. In order to assess the longevity of flxed restorations serviced in Korea and causes of failure, a total of 1109 individuals (aged 15-74, 716 women and 393 men loaded with 2551 unit fixed restorations, and 1934 abutments) who lived in Kyung-In Province were examined and the findings were as follows : Results. 1. Length of service of fixed restorations serviced in Korea was 6.86$\pm$0.15 yr (mean), 5.5 yr (median), and the rate of success was 65.82% in 5 year survival, and 21.15% in 10 year survival. 2. When there was patient's need for replacing old prosthetics, longevity of fixed restorations was 7.51$\pm$0.27 yr (mean), 7 yr (median), and the rate of success was 61.08% in 5 year survival, and 17.57% in 10 year survival. 3. Longevity of fixed restorations was longest in the over-sixty age group(9.21$\pm$0.66) and that of the teen age group(3.39$\pm$0.28) was shortest (p<0.05). 4. Longevity of fixed restorations of women (7.38$\pm$0.18 years) was longer than that of men (6.00$\pm$0.26) (p<0.05). 5. As for the provider factor (such as unlicensed performers, university hospitals, and private clinic), there was no statistically significant difference in longevity of fixed restorations. 6. Defective margin (34.78%). periodontal disease (12.15%), periapical involvement (11.73%), was the most frequent causes of failure and poor esthetics group showed the longest life above all (p<0.05). Actual frequent causes of failure after removing old prosthetics were defective margin, periapical involvement, periodontal disease and uncemented restoration. In 75.67% of the cases, abutment state after removing old prosthetics was good enough for loading another prosthetics. 7. There was found to have statistically significant influence between longevity of single crown (6.35$\pm$0.20 yr) and that of 3 unit fixed restorations (7.60$\pm$0.30 y) (p<0.05). In each case the most frequent cause of failure was defective margin. 8. The number of cantilever pontic, pontic/abutment ratio, oral hygiene status were found to have no statistically significant influence on longevity of fixed restorations in all groups (p>0.05). 9. Longevity of fixed restorations made of non precious metal was longest (9.60$\pm$0.40 yr) semi precious and precious trailing behind(p<0.05). 10. Group function group (37.04%) and partial group function group (44.62%) were predominant in frequency but showed no correlation between them and among different types of occlusal plane and different types of occlusal surface (p>0.05). 11. Longevity of fixed restorations was longest in the centric interference group(9.35$\pm$0.62) (p<0.05) among different types of occlusal interference. Conclusion. We found that longevity of fixed restorations serviced in Korea is affected by age, gender and type of material, and that most frequent cause of failure is defective margin. In order to assess the accurate longevity of axed restorations, unified research design. overcoming inter-observer difference and establishing the objective research items are needed. Furthermore, it is thought that prospective approach through thorough study and regular follow-ups is needed just from the start of research. Nationwide detailed studies on length of service of fixed restorations manufactured in Korea are hoped to be conducted hereafter.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2016

PURPOSE. The prospective follow-up aimed to assess the performance of lithium disilicate crowns and clinical reasons of adverse events compromising survival and quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 58 patients were treated with 375 heat-pressed monolithic crowns, which were bonded with resin cement. Annual recalls up to five years included a complete dental examination as well as quality assessment using CDA-criteria. Any need for clinical intervention led to higher complication rate and any failure compromised the survival rate. Kaplan-Meier-method was applied to all crowns and a dataset containing one randomly selected crown from each patient. RESULTS. Due to drop-outs, 45 patients (31 females, 14 males) with the average age of 43 years (range = 17-73) who had 327 crowns (176 anterior, 151 posterior; 203 upper jaw, 124 lower jaw) were observed and evaluated for between 4 and 51 months (median = 28). Observation revealed 4 chippings, 3 losses of retention, 3 fractures, 3 secondary caries, 1 endodontic problem, and 1 tooth fracture. Four crowns had to be removed. Survival and complication rate was estimated 98.2% and 5.4% at 24 months, and 96.8% and 7.1% at 48 months. The complication rate was significantly higher for root canal treated teeth (12%, P<.01) at 24 months. At the last observation, over 90% of all crowns showed excellent ratings (CDA-rating Alfa) for color, marginal fit, and caries. CONCLUSION. Heat pressed lithium disilicate crowns showed an excellent performance. Besides a careful luting, dentists should be aware of patients' biological prerequisites (grade of caries, oral hygiene) to reach full success with these crowns.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.1971-1975
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• 2014

Background: Tongue cancer is still a major health problem in most developing countries around the world. Statistics shown the number of tongue cancers, especially in early age, to be increasing, with poor survival. Objective: To analyze the characteristic profile of tongue cancer patients in Indonesia as well as the survival rate. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Dharmais National Cancer Hospital by collecting general, clinical, and survival data of tongue cancer patients from medical records for January 2009 to April 2012. Results: Tongue cancer incidence increased year by year. The average age of tongue cancer patients was 47.5 years, and males predominated, accounting for 64.5% of cases. Most patients presented at an advanced stage (69.6%). The histopathology type was squamous cell carcinoma in the vast majoriy (96.8%). The therapies applied were surgery (45.6%), radiation (63.6%) and chemotherapy (57.6%). The survival rate after one year is 60.6% and after two years was 12.1%. In addition, median survival of tongue cancer patients was 20 months (95% confidence interval 9.07-30.9). The significant factor affecting survival was size of tumor with a hazard ratio of 3.18 (95% CI, 1.02-9.93; p 0.046) for largest versus smallest categories. Conclusions: In each year, the number of tongue cancer incidents in Indonesia is increasing. The age of tongue cancer patients in Indonesia is younger compared to other countries. Moreover, the survival rates are not high.