• 한국자연치유학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2022

배경: 야생 망초의 항산화 물질의 존재와 활성화 연구는 아직 미진한 상태이다. 목적: 본 연구에서는 망초를 에탄올에서 추출하여 항산화 물질의 활성에 관하여 연구하였다. 방법: 야생 망초를 세척한 다음에 에탄올로 추출하여 다양한 분석기기를 활용하여 항산화성 물질의 활성을 조사하였다. 결과: 야생 망초 추출물의 수율 비율은 최고는 49.3% 이었으며 온도와 에탄올 비율에 따라서 다양하게 나타났다. 추출에서 180℃에서 물과 에탄올 비율이 50:50에서 가장 높았다. 추출물의 세포독성 실험에서는 무처리 군은 100% 생존율, 실험군에서는 추출물 50 ppm 이상에서는 98-100%로 나타났다. 거의 모든 농도에서 세포독성이 없었다. 실험군에 서는 추출물 25 ppm에서는 Nitric oxide 생성은 42%까지 억제되었다. 추출물 50 ppm에서는 유리 지방산 함량이 15%가 감소하였다. 세포 생존율은 추출물 농도가 50 ppm에서는 20%, 100 ppm에서 24%이었다. 추출물 농도 500 ppm에서는 DPPH과 ABTs를 이용한 유리 산소 소거 능은 90-98%로 나타났다. DPPH와 ABTs 자유기 소거 활성의 변화를 3차원적으로 관찰하였을 때에 85℃에서는 온도가 증가함에 따라 항산화 활성이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 85~130℃에서는 온도가 증가함에 따라 오히려 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. 결론: 야생 망초 에탄올 추출물에서 항산화 물질이 확인되었으며, 세포독성도 거의 없고, NO 생산도 억제하고, 유리 산소의 소거 기능도 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 망초 추출물을 다양한 자연치유적 활용에 대한 기초적 자료를 제공하고 있다고 본다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2021

MILD(Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution) 연소는 열에너지 분야에서 배출되는 미연 탄소와 질소 산화물을 저감하기 위한 기술로, 친환경 열 에너지 생산 기술로 평가받고 있다. MILD 연소 기술은 반응물의 예열을 통한 자발화 현상을 이용하여, 연소 반응 영역을 확장시키는 것이 핵심이다. 본 연구는 CH₄와 공기를 활용하여 반응물의 초기 온도 변화와 CO, H₂의 혼합율에 따른 CH₄의 점화 지연 시간을 수치 해석적 접근을 통해 분석하였다. 점화 지연 시간은 초기 온도와 H₂ 혼합율이 높을수록 감소하였고, CO 혼합율이 높을수록 증가하였다. 이는 H₂ 첨가 시 초기에 높은 분율의 HO₂가 메틸 라디칼(CH₃)의 분해 반응을 촉진시켜 OH를 생성하였기 때문이며, CO 첨가 시 HCO 생성에 따른 H 라디칼 소모가 증가했기 때문이다. 하지만 HCO의 생성은 점화 지연 시간에 큰 영향을 주지 않았다. 또한 연료 내 CO와 H₂를 30% 혼합한 조건에서는, NO 배출량이 각각 7%, 1% 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 CO를 혼합한 조건에서 초기에 높은 NCO가 NO 생성반응률 증가에 영향을 미쳤기 때문이다.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2012

Oxygen is the final acceptor of electron transport from fat and carbohydrate oxidation, which is the rate-limiting factor for cellular ATP production. Under altitude hypoxia condition, energy reliance on anaerobic glycolysis increases to compensate for the shortfall caused by reduced fatty acid oxidation [1]. Therefore, training at altitude is expected to strongly influence the human metabolic system, and has the potential to be designed as a non-pharmacological or recreational intervention regimen for correcting diabetes or related metabolic problems. However, most people cannot accommodate high altitude exposure above 4500 M due to acute mountain sickness (AMS) and insulin resistance corresponding to a increased levels of the stress hormones cortisol and catecholamine [2]. Thus, less stringent conditions were evaluated to determine whether glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity could be improved by moderate altitude exposure (below 4000 M). In 2003, we and another group in Austria reported that short-term moderate altitude exposure plus endurance-related physical activity significantly improves glucose tolerance (not fasting glucose) in humans [3,4], which is associated with the improvement in the whole-body insulin sensitivity [5]. With daily hiking at an altitude of approximately 4000 M, glucose tolerance can still be improved but fasting glucose was slightly elevated. Individuals vary widely in their response to altitude challenge. In particular, the improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by prolonged altitude hiking activity is not apparent in those individuals with low baseline DHEA-S concentration [6]. In addition, hematopoietic adaptation against altitude hypoxia can also be impaired in individuals with low DHEA-S. In short-lived mammals like rodents, the DHEA-S level is barely detectable since their adrenal cortex does not appear to produce this steroid [7]. In this model, exercise training recovery under prolonged hypoxia exposure (14-15% oxygen, 8 h per day for 6 weeks) can still improve insulin sensitivity, secondary to an effective suppression of adiposity [8]. Genetically obese rats exhibit hyperinsulinemia (sign of insulin resistance) with up-regulated baseline levels of AMP-activated protein kinase and AS160 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle compared to lean rats. After prolonged hypoxia training, this abnormality can be reversed concomitant with an approximately 50% increase in GLUT4 protein expression. Additionally, prolonged moderate hypoxia training results in decreased diffusion distance of muscle fiber (reduced cross-sectional area) without affecting muscle weight. In humans, moderate hypoxia increases postprandial blood distribution towards skeletal muscle during a training recovery. This physiological response plays a role in the redistribution of fuel storage among important energy storage sites and may explain its potent effect on changing body composition. Conclusion: Prolonged moderate altitude hypoxia (rangingfrom 1700 to 2400 M), but not acute high attitude hypoxia (above 4000 M), can effectively improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance for humans and antagonizes the obese phenotype in animals with a genetic defect. In humans, the magnitude of the improvementvaries widely and correlates with baseline plasma DHEA-S levels. Compared to training at sea-level, training at altitude effectively decreases fat mass in parallel with increased muscle mass. This change may be associated with increased perfusion of insulin and fuel towards skeletal muscle that favors muscle competing postprandial fuel in circulation against adipose tissues.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2020

Petroleum is the most used energy source in Korea with a usage rate of 39.5% among the available 1st energy source. The price of liquid petroleum products in Korea includes a lot of tax such as transportation·environment·energy tax. Thus, illegal production and distribution of liquid petroleum is widespread because of its huge price difference, including its tax-free nature, from that of the normal product. Generally, illegal petroleum product is produced by illegally mixing liquid petroleum with other similar petroleum alternatives. In such case, it is easy to distinguish whether the product is illegal by analyzing its physical properties and typical components. However, if one the components of original petroleum product is added to illegal petroleum, distinguishing between the two petroleum products will be difficult. In this research, we inspect illegally produced gasoline, which is mixed with methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) as an octane booster. This illegal gasoline shows a high octane number and oxygen content. Further, we analyze the different types of green dyes used in illegal gasoline through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We conduct component analyses on the simulated sample obtained from premium gasoline and MTBE. Finally, the illegal gasoline is defined as premium gasoline with 10% MTBE. The findings of this study suggest that illegal petroleum can be identified through an analytic method of components and simulated samples.

• Rapid Communication in Photoscience
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.21-24
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• 2012

Influence of gamma rays on the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells was investigated in terms of a bidirectional hydrogenase, which is encoded by hoxEFUYH genes and responsible for biohydrogen production. Irradiated cells revealed a substantial change in stoichiometry of photosystems at one day after gamma irradiation at different doses. However, as evaluated by the maximal rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis or photosynthetic capacity was not significantly different between the control and irradiated cells. Instead, transcription of hoxE, hoxH, or lexA, which encodes a subunit of bidirectional hydrogenase or the only transcriptional activator, LexA, for hox genes, was commonly enhanced in the irradiated cells. This transcriptional enhancement was more conspicuously observed immediately after gamma irradiation. In contrast, hydrogenase activities were found to somewhat lower in the irradiated cells. Therefore, we propose that transcription of hox genes should be enhanced by gamma irradiation in a LexA-mediated and possibly photosynthesis-independent manner and that this enhancement might not induce a subsequent increase in hydrogenase activities, probably due to the presence of post-transcriptional and/or post-translational regulatory mechanisms.

• 에너지공학
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.373-377
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• 2012

Among the fossil fuels, the brown coal is a great deal of resources. However, it is hardly used due to the high moisture content and low calorific value. It has both the week points such as spontaneous combustion and high volatile content and the strong points such as the low-sulfur and low ash content. If we overcome these week points, the using amount of brown coal would be increased. Also, it is well known that biomass is one of the important primary renewable energy sources because of carbon neutral energy. Furthermore, the utilization of biomass has been more and more concerned with the depletion of fossil fuel sources as well as the global warming issues. Combustion and thermal decomposition of biomass is one of the more promising techniques among all alternatives proposed for the production of energy from biomass. In this study, combustion of brown coals and mushroom waste was done. Mass change of samples and emission of hydrocarbon components were measured. As the results, we obtained combustion rate constant. Also activation energy was calculated in char combustion step. Hydrocarbon components were more generated in low oxygen concentration than high. Emission amount of hydrocarbon components in mushroom waste was significantly increased comparing to brown coal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1593-1597
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• 2000

In the quiescent state, cattle-manure slurry stratifies into three discernible layers, namely a floating scum layer, a bottom sludge layer and a watery middle layer. The proportions of top (scum), middle and bottom (sludge) layers were approximately 20, 60 and 20% respectively of the volume of the whole slurry. Particulate matter from the different stratified layers was characterised for particle size distribution and cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin composition. Total solids concentrations of top, middle and bottom layers were 12.7, 2.8 and 7.4% respectively. Larger particles were found in the top layer compared with the bottom. The top layer contained the highest amounts of Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF), Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF), cellulose and hemicellulose, but the lowest amount of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN). The bottom layer contained the highest amounts of Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) and TKN. With increase in particle size, there were increases in NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose, accompanied by decreases in ADL and TKN. Biochemical methane potential of the three layers was also measured. The top layer was found to produce the most methane with the middle layer producing the least. Biomethanation rate from the top layer was also the highest. Differences in biomethanation rates and biochemical methane potential were attributed to differences in chemical composition of the particulate matter. About 48%, 23% and 30% of the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the top, middle and bottom layers respectively of the slurry was found to be degradable.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2006

There is a possibility of the production of the air bubbles in membrane pores due to the reduction in pressure during membrane filtration. The effect of fine air bubbles from dissolved gases on microfiltration was investigated in the submerged membrane bio-reactor (SMBR). The $R_{air}$ (air bubble resistance) was defined as the filtration resistance due to the air bubbles formed from the gasification of dissolved gases. From the results of filtration tests using pure water with changes in the dissolved oxygen concentration, the air bubbles from dissolved gases were confirmed to act as a foulant and; thus, increase the filtration resistance. The standard pore blocking and cake filtration models, SPBM and CFM, respectively, were applied to investigate the mechanism of air bubble fouling on a hollow fiber membrane. However, the application of the SPBM and CFM were limited in explaining the mechanism due to the properties of air bubble. With a simple comparison of the different filtration resistances, the $R_{air}$ portion was below 1% of the total filtration resistance during sludge filtration. Therefore, the air bubbles from dissolved gases would only be a minor foulant in the SMBR. However, under the conditions of a high gasification rate from dissolved gases, the effect of air bubble fouling should be considered in microfiltration.

• BMB Reports
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.116-126
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• 2002

Nitric oxide (NO), synthesized from L-arginine by NO synthases, is a small, lipophilic, diffusible, highly reactive molecule with dichotomous regulatory roles in many biological events under physiological and pathological conditions. NO can promote apoptosis (pro-apoptosis) in some cells, whereas it inhibits apoptosis (anti-apoptosis) in other cells. This complexity is a consequence of the rate of NO production and the interaction with biological molecules such as metal ion, thiol, protein tyrosine, and reactive oxygen species. Long-lasting overproduction of NO acts as a pro-apoptotic modulator, activating caspase family proteases through the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into cytosol, up-regulation of the p53 expression, and alterations in the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins, including the Bcl-2 family. However, low or physiological concentrations of NO prevent cells from apoptosis that is induced by the trophic factor withdrawal, Fas, $TNF{\alpha}$/ActD, and LPS. The anti-apoptotic mechanism is understood on the basis of gene transcription of protective proteins. These include: heat shock protein, hemeoxygenase, or cyclooxygenase-2 and direct inhibition of the apoptotic executive effectors caspase family protease by S-nitrosylation of the cysteine thiol group in their catalytic site in a cell specific way. Our current understanding of the mechanisms by which NO exerts both pro- and anti-apototic action is discussed in this review article.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 염소계화합물로 오염된 토양 및 지하수의 효율적인 처리방안으로 산화망간을 이용한 염소계화합물의 환원분해반응을 유도하였다. 기존의 펜톤반응은 산성 pH에서 효율적이며 고농도의 과산화수소를 소모하는데 비하여, 산화망간/과산화수소 시스템에서는중성 pH에서 낮은 과산화수소 농도($\leq$294mM)로도 효율적인 CT의 분해율을 보였으며 pH가 증가함에 따라 CT의 분해율도 증가하였다. 또한 산화망간 농도의 증가율에 비하여 CT의 분해율은 그다지 높은 증가율을 보이지 않았으며, 이는 반응시 발생하는 산소의 생성율이 증가하기 때문으로 보여지며 발생하는 산소가 산화망간표면과 과산화수소의 접촉빈도를 감소시키기 때문에 일어나는 현상으로 여겨진다. 이러한 연구결과는 난분해성물질인 염소계화합물로 오염된 토양 및 지하수의 복원 시 토양의 pH완충효과 때문에 전통적인 펜톤반응을 적용하기 어려운 반면 산화망간으로 촉매화된 펜톤유사반응은 매우 효과적이며 경제적인 처리 방안이 될 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.