• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2009

목 적: 한국 가임기 여성의 다낭난소증후군 진단시에 복식 초음파를 이용하는 방법의 유용성과 정확도를 분석하여 국내 다낭난소증후군의 진단 기준 마련에 도움이 되고자 하였다. 연구방법: 이화여자대학교 목동병원에서 선별설문조사를 받은 15~44세 여성 8,793명에서 복식 초음파를 시행한 총 701명 중, 정상 월경을 하면서 안드로겐 과다 및 초음파의 다낭난소 소견이 없는 정상 대조군에서 복식 초음파를 시행한 185명과 초음파 검사 소견을 제외하고 NIH 진단 기준으로 다낭난소증후군을 진단 받은 248명의 환자에서 복식 초음파를 시행한 소견을 ROC (receiver operating characteristic) 곡선 분석하였다. 결 과: 정상 대조군의 평균 연령은 $23.64{\pm}4.26$세로 복식 초음파로 측정된 평균 난소 부피는 $6.03{\pm}1.89\;cm^3$, 평균 난포 개수는 $6.49{\pm}1.93$개였다. 복식 초음파를 진단에 사용할 경우 난소 부피를 이용하면 AURC (area under the ROC curve)가 0.761로 난소 부피>$9\;cm^3$ 기준일 때, 민감도 51.0%, 특이도 91.4%였다. 난포 개수에 대한 AURC는 0.733으로 ${\geq}9$개 기준일 때, 민감도 54.9%, 특이도 87.0%였으며, 난포 개수 ${\geq}10$개 기준일 때, 민감도 53.2%, 특이도 90.4%였다. 복식 초음파로 난소 부피와 난포 개수를 검사하여 다낭난소증후군의 선별 진단에 이용하기에는 부적합하였다. 결 론: 복식 초음파를 이용하여 다낭난소증후군을 진단하는 방법은 유용성과 정확도에서 신뢰할만하지 못하다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2020

Objective: Glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 (GRIA1) is a subunit of a ligand-gated ion channel that regulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by controlling the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Few studies have investigated the association between the GRIA1 gene and human infertility. This study evaluated the association of the GRIA1 rs548294 C > T and rs2195450 G > A polymorphisms with the ovarian response to human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) in Iranian women. Methods: One hundred women with histories of at least 1 year of infertility were included. On the second day of menstruation, patients were injected with HMG; on the third day, blood samples were collected. After hormonal analysis, the GRIA1 rs548294 C > T and rs2195450 G > A genotypes of samples were identified via the restriction fragment length polymorphism method, and on day 9, the number of follicles was assessed via ultrasound. Results: For the GRIA1 rs548294 C > T and rs2195450 G > A single nucleotide polymorphisms, the subjects with CT and GG genotypes, respectively, displayed the highest mean FSH level, LH level, and number of follicles on day 9 of the menstrual cycle (p< 0.05). Significant positive correlations were observed between LH and FSH (p< 0.01), LH and follicle count (p< 0.01), FSH and age (p< 0.05), follicle count and age (p= 0.048), and FSH and follicle count (p< 0.01). Conclusion: This study showed a significant relationship between GRIA1 polymorphisms and ovarian response to the induction of ovulation. Therefore, determining patients' GRIA1 genotype may be useful for improving treatment and prescribing suitable doses of ovulation-stimulating drugs.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 1990

Follicular atresia is a universal and characteristic phenomenon of both non-mammalian and mammalian vertebrates. Generally it is estimated that greater than 99% of follicles become atretic in higher domestic animals and human. The number of selected follicles developing to the preovulatory stage are thus fewer. Follicles can become atretic at any stage of development. The previous studies emphasized on descriptive and retrospect aspects of a limited population of the fully grown preovulatory follicle. The main efforts in ovarian physilogical researches are focused on follicular development culminating in ovulation but recent advances have resulted in a better understanding of atresia. Nowadays, recent studies are concentrated on the induction of atresia in a selected population of follicles and of the associated cellular, endocrine, biochemical and molecular changes. The factors initiating atresia and follicle selections are worthy of investigations. Another intriguing question is whether one can predict when a follicle will become atretic, i.e., what biochemical markers indicate that a follicle is destined for atresia. It is generally agreed that atretic process may vary even in antral follicles at different stages of their differentiations and among species. The dicisive factors are follicular responsiveness and the hormonal milieu. Some generalizations can be made on the basis of experimental induction of atresia. Alteration of the pattern of follicular steroid production is associated with the initiation stage of atretic process. Atresia appears to be a process unfolding gradually and affecting progressively in increasing number of functions and components of the follicle. The oocyte may be the latest to be afflicted in the atretic process. The high steroidogenic activity of atretic follicles lends support to the notion that atresia is not necessarily a degenerative process and that atretic follicles may play an essential role in ovarian physiology. The simultaneous occurence of growth and atretic processes may render the search for regulatory mechanisms involved in atresia difficult extremely. The questions such as how follicles are selected to undergo ovulation rather than atresia or what the mechanism of atresia is remain unanswered. However, the factors regulating or modifying ovarian hormonal milieu for the initiation of follicular growth and maturation or of atresia are being elucidated.

• 환경생물
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.419-424
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• 2015

두꺼비 (Bufo gargarizans)의 난소주기를 파악하기 위해 암컷 성체를 대상으로 gonadosomatic index (GSI)와 난소 내 여포난자의 크기와 난황 축적 정도를 기준으로 발달과정을 연중 조사하였다. 4월에는 난소 무게와 GSI가 가장 낮게 나타났으며 모든 여포난자들은 난황 축적 전단계의 상태로 존재하여 난황 형성이 중단된 것으로 판단된다. 난소 무게와 GSI가 증가하기 시작한 5월의 난소에서는 난황 축적 전기단계의 여포난자가 출현하였고 6월에는 난황 축적 중기단계와 난황 축적 전단계의 여포난자가 존재하여 난소 무게와 GSI도 증가하여 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 이 시기에 난황 축적현상이 진행되는 것을 의미하며 난소 무게와 GSI가 급격히 증가하기 시작한 9월에는 난황 축적 중기단계의 여포난자들과 난황 축적이 거의 완성된 난황 축적 후기단계의 여포난자들이 존재하였다. 난황 축적을 마치고 성장이 완료된 여포난자들은 10월부터 일부 출현하기 시작하여 동면기인 12월에 급격히 증가하였으며 2월의 난소에서는 성장이 완료된 여포난자가 전체적으로 존재하여 여포난자의 성장기에는 난소 내의 모든 여포난자들이 동시적 (synchronized)으로 진행되지 않고 각각의 여포난자에 따라 진행되다가 배란시기에 성장이 완료된 상태를 유지하는 난소주기를 나타내었다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.287-292
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• 2014

한국산개구리(Rana coreana)의 난소주기를 파악하기 위해 암컷 성체를 대상으로 gonadosomatic index(GSI)와 난소 내 여포난자의 크기와 난황축적 정도를 기준으로 발달과정을 연중 조사하였다. 난소무게와 GSI는 3월부터 5월까지 가장 낮게 나타났으며 모든 여포난자들은 난황축적 전단계의 상태로 존재하여 난황형성이 중단된 것으로 판단된다. 난소무게와 GSI가 증가하기 시작한 6월의 난소에서는 난황축적 전기단계의 여포난자가 출현하였고 8월에는 난황축적 중기단계와 난황축적 전단계의 여포난자가 존재하여 난소무게와 GSI도 증가하여 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 이 시기에 난황축적 현상이 활발하게 진행되는 것을 의미하며 난소무게와 GSI가 높게 나타난 9월에서 11월까지는 난황축적 중기단계의 여포난자들과 난황축적이 거의 완성된 난황축적 후기단계의 여포난자들이 존재하였다. 동면중인 12월부터 난황축적을 마치고 성장이 완료된 여포난자들이 출현하였으며 2월의 난소에서는 성장이 완료된 여포난자가 전체적으로 존재하여 여포난자의 성장기에는 난소내의 모든 여포난자들이 동시적(synchronized)으로 진행되지 않고 각각의 여포난자에 따라 진행되다가 배란시기에 성장이 완료된 상태를 유지하는 난소주기를 나타내었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2001

In mammals, most of the follicles can not be ovulated, and instead, are degenerated throughout the entire reproductive period. However, the precise mechanism of follicle atresia is unknown. Three weeks old female mice (ICR strain) were ${\gamma}$-irradiated with a dose of LD$^{50}$ . Before irradiation (day 0) and at day 1, 2, and 3 after irradiation, the normal and atretic preantral and antral follicles of the left ovaries were morphologically observed. Atretic follicles at 2 days after irradiation had numerous cell debris, apoptotic cells and bodies, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the antral cavity. In severely atretic follicles, numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes infiltrated into the follicle. The frequencies of atretic antral (58.0 $\pm$8.6) and preantral follicles (27.3$\pm$11.2) induced by ${\gamma}$-radiation increased to 94.0$\pm$3.4 and 86.9$\pm$7.6, respectively at 2 days after irradiation (p<0.05). The number of follicles with one or more neutrophils in the largest cross sections at 2 and 3 days after irradiation significantly increased (p<0.05). It can be concluded that ${\gamma}$-radiation triggers the recruitment of neutrophils into the follicles during degeneration. The ovarian follicles can make a role of informative biological end-point useful for disaster-prevention.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2022

Cryopreservation of porcine ovarian tissue by vitrification method is a promising approach to preserve genetic materials for future use. However, information is not enough and technology still remains in a challenge stage in pig. Therefore, the objective of present study was to determine possibility of vitrification method to cryopreserve porcine ovarian tissue and to confirm an occurrence of cryoinjuries. Briefly, cryoinjuries and apoptosis patterns in vitrified-warmed ovarian tissue were examined by histological evaluation and TUNEL assay respectively. In results, a damaged morphology of oocytes was detected among groups and the rate was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in vitrification group (25.8%) than freezing control group (67.7%), while fresh control group (6.6%) showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower than both groups. In addition, cryoinjury that form a wave pattern of tissues around follicles was found in the frozen control group, but not in the fresh control group as well as in the vitrification group. Apoptotic cells in follicle was observed only in freezing control group while no apoptotic cell was found in both fresh control and vitrification. Similarly, apoptotic patterns of tissues not in follicle were comparable between fresh control and vitrification groups while freezing control group showed increased tendency. Conclusively, it was confirmed that vitrification method has a prevention effect against cryoinjury and this method could be an alternative approach for cryopreservation of genetic material in pigs. Further study is needed to examine the viability of oocytes derived from vitrified-warmed ovarian tissue.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.297-304
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• 2018

The purpose of the present study was to determine the elaborate characteristics of ovarian changes including follicles and corpus luteum, and hormonal patterns of gonadotropin surge mode secretions during the normal consecutive estrous cycle in three dairy cows. Non-lactating and multiparous Holstein cows (n=3) used as experimental animals. The cows were assigned to examine the relationship among ovarian changes (follicle, corpus luteum), ovarian steroids (estradiol, progesterone) and gonadotropin (LH, FSH) surge mode secretion during the successive estrous cycles by rectal palpation, ultrasonography and hormonal assay. The mean length of the estrous cycle for the three cows was $23.1{\pm}1.44days$ (${\pm}SEM$), with a range of 20-28 days. In six estrous cycles, the number of two follicular waves, three follicular waves and four follicular waves was 2, 3 and 1, respectively. The sequential ultrasonographic monitoring showed that the corpus luteum with ${\geq}10mm$ in diameter detected from Day 2 (Day 0 is ovulation) in six estrous cycles of all cows. Preovulatory increases in estradiol concentration reached $10.36{\pm}1.10pg/ml$ on the 2 days before ovulation of the last dominant follicle. All cows exhibited a preovulatory rise in estradiol concentration followed by a typical preovulatory LH and FSH surge. The mean interval from the peak of LH/FSH surge to ovulation of the last dominant follicle was $31.3{\pm}1.76h$ (${\pm}SEM$). In these results, each dairy cow showed that ovarian morphological changes and gonadotropin surge mode secretion will be regulated by various environmental factors including age, breeds, nutrition, breeding conditions, etc.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.183-188
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the appropriateness of various follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) starting doses in expected normal responders based on the nomogram developed by La Marca et al. Methods: A total of 117 first in vitro fertilization cycles performed from 2011 to 2017 were selected. All women were expected normal responders and used a recombinant FSH and flexible gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol. The FSH starting dose was empirically determined (150, 225, or 300 IU). The FSH starting dose indicated by La Marca's nomogram was determined using female age and serum $anti-M{\ddot{u}}llerian$ hormone or basal FSH levels. If the administered dose was exactly the same as the proposed dose, the cycle was assigned to the concordant group (34 cycles). If not, it was assigned to the discordant group (83 cycles). Optimal ovarian response was defined as a total of 8-14 oocytes, hypo-response as < 8 oocytes, and hyper-response as > 14 oocytes. Results: Between the concordant and discordant group, ovarian response (optimal, 32.4% vs. 27.7%; hypo-response, 55.9% vs. 54.2%; and hyper-response, 11.8% vs. 18.1%) and the number of total or mature oocytes were similar. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome was rare in both groups (0% vs. 1.2%). The implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, and live birth rate were all similar. Conclusion: The use of the proposed FSH starting dose determined using La Marca's nomogram did not enhance the optimal ovarian response rate or pregnancy rate in expected normal responders. Individualization of the FSH starting dose by La Marca's nomogram appears to have no distinct advantages over empiric choice of the dose in expected normal responders.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.263-271
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• 1998

Oocyte maturation of the swordtail (Kiphophorus hellerii) was investigated by light and electron microscopy. In the ovary of the swordtail, various staged oocytes were observed, Mature oocytes were located in ovarian cortex, meanwhile immature ones were positioned in ovarian medulla. The oocyte was surrounded by several structures or cells such as chorion, follicle cells, follicular theaca and ovarian epithelium, respectively, from the inside toward outside. Growing and maturing oocytes healed numerous microvilli which interconnected the oocyte and the follicle cells to communicate each other. The mature oocyte had the electron dense chorion which appeared to be ultrastructure of two layers and contained pore canals. Oocyte maturation was characterized by not only the enlarged cell size and well differentiated cell organelles, brit also the increases of fat droplets, pinocytotic vesicles and yolk granules.