• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.20
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• pp.169-191
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• 2009

The Four Tenets of Daesoon thought are the Creative conjunction of the virtues of Eum and Yang, the Harmonious union of divine beings and human beings, the Resolution of grievances for the mutual beneficence of all life and the Realization of the Dao in the world. This article compares the concepts of the "Creative conjunction of the virtues of Eum and Yang", the "Harmonious union of divine beings and human beings" and the "Resolution of grievances for the mutual beneficence of all life" with "EumYangDaeDaeRon", "ShinMyonKiDeok", the Theory of Mutual Giving Life / Mutual Destruction (SangSaeng/SangGeukRon) of the Book of Changes and analyzes their common and different points. The conclusion is that Daesoon thought and the philosophy of the Book of Changes share common fundamental standpoints. However, the Daesoon thought defines the world of SeonCheon (the state before the Heaven and Earth have been created) as Mutual Giving Life (SangSaeng), and the world of HuCheon (the state after the Heaven and Earth have been created) as Mutual Destruction (SangGeuk). According to Daesoon thought the Mutual Destruction (SangGeuk) is seen as negative, while according to the philosophy of the Book of Changes the Theory of Mutual Giving Live/Mutual Destruction (SangSaeng/SangGeukRon) is viewed as a positive relationship of EumYangDaeDae. This is a point of difference between the Daesoon thought and the philosophy of the Book of Changes. According to EumYangDaeDae relationship theory the contradictory "other" is viewed not as an enemy, but as a necessary element that assures one's existence. When Buddhism and Christianity first came to existence, they did not belong to a main stream. Later, through continuous theorization and systematization they became generally accepted religions. The case of Confucianism was not much different. During Song dynasty in China Buddhism has contributed to the systematization and establishment of Neo-Confucianism; in the middle of 20th century the Confucian scholars of Hong Kong and Taiwan interpreted and defined Confucianism a new in the light of Western philosophy. Thus the "Modern Neo-Confucianism" came to existence. That's why the history of Confucianism is also called "the history of advancing and developing a concept". From this point of view the critical acceptance of some elements of Confucian, Buddhist, Taoist etc. traditions, as well as modern philosophy, by Daesoon, in order to achieve the systematization of Daesoon thought, is a very important process. As a part of this process, this essay explains the Daesoon thought from the point of view of the Book of Changes, which may be said to present the original East-Asian view of the world. Daesoon's emphasis of human dignity, the equality of sexes, the critics the hierarchical society etc. are rather "modern" and should be examined from the point of view of social science. Besides, leaving the boundaries of "modern philosophy", the concepts of "Harmonious union of divine beings and human beings", viewing the universe as one organism etc. should be approached from the point of view of Post-Modernism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.801-808
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• 2023

In order to minimize radiation exposure and secure diagnostic value images during CT examination of the head of children, the usefulness of volume axial mode is evaluated through comparison and analysis of exposure dose and images of volume axial mode, high pitch mode, and helical mode. Image evaluation and dose evaluation were performed in CT high pitch mode, helical mode, and volume axial mode for infants under the age of 1 according to the voltages of 70, 80, and 100 kVp tubes. The image evaluation was conducted by comparing image quality by setting ROI for each image, calculating SNR and CNR, using ONE-WAY (ANOVA) to evaluated statistical significance, and cross-examining the dose evaluation using DLP values displayed in the Dose Report. When inspected using volume axial mode, DLP values were generally low, and SNR and CNR values differed by ROI and kVp. When volume axial mode evaluated the quality of the image compared to other scan modes, the difference is not uniform. For the reason, certain modes are not considered excellent, but the exposure dose was reduced the most in terms of dose. In addition, the point that the volume axial mode can be examined at its original location, short scanning time and needless of table movement is useful for CT tests for children under 1 year of age with high radiation sensitivity.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.151-158
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• 2023

The researchers entirely focused on meta-heuristic method for generalized assignment problem(GAP) that is known as NP-hard problem because of the optimal solution within polynomial time algorithm is unknown yet. On the other hand, this paper proposes a heuristic greedy algorithm with rules for finding solutions. Firstly, this paper reduces the weight matrix of original data to w_ij ≤ b_i/l in order to n jobs(items) pack m machines(bins) with l = n/m. The maximum profit of each job was assigned to the machine for the reduced data. Secondly, the allocation was adjusted so that the sum of the weights assigned to each machine did not exceed the machine capacity. Finally, the k-opt swap optimization was performed to maximize the profit. The proposed algorithm is applied to 50 benchmarking data, and the best known solution for about 1/3 data is to solve the problem. The remaining 2/3 data showed comparable results to metaheuristic techniques. Therefore, the proposed algorithm shows the possibility that rules for finding solutions in polynomial time exist for GAP. Experiments demonstrate that it can be a P-problem from an NP-hard.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.13-25
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• 2024

Local decline can be caused by business closures or the departure of the youth. Most countries have been striving to overcome regional inequality through local or community entrepreneurship using assets or contents obtained from differentiated and original embedded resources. The purpose of this study is to conceptualize local contents and local entrepreneurship. To reach the research goals, this paper utilizes the grounded theory as qualitative methodology. From the main findings, this paper suggests that entrepreneurship in the local is influenced by informal alley or specific location (regions) institution outputs so called as local contents which are local norm, culture, local identities. This paper conceptualizes local contents as 'product of creative scenario'. And this work also suggests the liner model for local content innovation. The contribution of this work are two: 1) showing how the local content creation process; 2) analyzing the how local entrepreneurship configures. It can be inclusive potential startups items rooted at the unique resources and assets of the locals and reflecting the originality of locality. In terms of local institutional perspectives, local development takes pace when advancing application of local entrepreneurship. In order for that, practical challenging is more needed by using informal local institutions. Also 'three step linear model' will be applied to educate the new creators. Local contents and local entrepreneurship can definitely rehabilitate locality.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 2020

Artificial Intelligence is establishing itself as a familiar tool from an intractable concept. In this trend, financial sector is also looking to improve the problem of existing system which includes Fraud Detection System (FDS). It is being difficult to detect sophisticated cyber financial fraud using original rule-based FDS. This is because diversification of payment environment and increasing number of electronic financial transactions has been emerged. In order to overcome present FDS, this paper suggests 3 types of artificial intelligence models, Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), Deep Neural Network (DNN), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). GAN proves how data imbalance problem can be developed while DNN and CNN show how abnormal financial trading patterns can be precisely detected. In conclusion, among the experiments on this paper, WGAN has the highest improvement effects on data imbalance problem. DNN model reflects more effects on fraud classification comparatively.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.214-221
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• 2023

In order to fabricate stable dentures in patients with severe resorption of residual ridges, various factors must be considered. One of them is the neutral zone, which is defined as the potential region in which the pressure of the tongue outward in the oral cavity and the pressure of the cheeks and lips directed inward from the outside of the oral cavity equalize during functioning. In patients with severe ridge resorption, if the teeth are usually arranged above the residual ridge, the teeth are located on the lingual side rather than the original position. Therefore, the functional space of the tongue is invaded, the tongue is positioned backward, and the sealing of the lingual border is broken, which acts as a factor reducing the maintenance of denture. In addition, it is also important for the stability of dentures to assume an interalveolar crest line connecting the maxillary and mandibular ridge crests, and to arrange the maxillary and mandibular artificial teeth to match the masticatory force to the interalveolar crest line. Therefore, good clinical results were obtained by fabricating dentures for the patient with poor alveolar residual ridge using neutral zone impression and ridge relationship analysis.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.97-125
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to increase access to information on old maps and to discuss efficient ways to utilize old maps, such as providing services and information using old maps. To this end, the information search system of domestic institutions that provide old map information was investigated, and methods of searching for old map data and accessing information were searched on the website. In addition, the current status of the collection of old maps in domestic libraries and museums was analyzed by referring to the homepage, book, research book, and publication of each institution. As a result of the analysis, about 2,200 old maps were housed in 76 institutions, including national, public, and university libraries and museums nationwide. Each institution in the collection of old maps was carrying out publication business, such as publication of English manuscripts, exhibitions and books, publication of research document edits such as lists and summaries. However, reading and using of original documents are limited due to the rare nature of old maps and the data characteristics of the only one. In order to effectively utilize old maps, first, it is necessary to improve access to old map information services and expand academic information services. Second, it is proposed to use old maps as data for archival construction that reflects the identity of the region. Third, it is necessary to cultivate professional manpower who selects and provides information based on knowledge of old map data and humanities literacy.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.229-238
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• 2009

This paper describes a sound engine of Korean traditional instruments, which are the Gayageum and Taepyeongso, by using a TMS320F2812. The Gayageum and Taepyeongso models based on commuted waveguide synthesis (CWS) are required to synthesize each sound. There is an instrument selection button to choose one of instruments in the proposed sound engine, and thus a corresponding sound is produced by the relative model at every certain time. Every synthesized sound sample is transmitted to a DAC (TLV5638) using SPI communication, and it is played through a speaker via an audio interface. The length of the delay line determines a fundamental frequency of a desired sound. In order to determine the length of the delay line, it is needed that the time for synthesizing a sound sample should be checked by using a GPIO. It takes $28.6{\mu}s$ for the Gayageum and $21{\mu}s$ for the Taepyeongso, respectively. It happens that each sound sample is synthesized and transferred to the DAC in an interrupt service routine (ISR) of the proposed sound engine. A timer of the TMS320F2812 has four events for generating interrupts. In this paper, the interrupt is happened by using the period matching event of it, and the ISR is called whenever the interrupt happens, $60{\mu}s$. Compared to original sounds with their spectra, the results are good enough to represent timbres of instruments except 'Mu, Hwang, Tae, Joong' of the Taepyeongso. Moreover, only one sound is produced when playing the Taepyeongso and it takes $21{\mu}s$ for the real-time playing. In the case of the Gayageum, players usually use their two fingers (thumb and middle finger or thumb and index finger), so it takes $57.2{\mu}s$ for the real-time playing.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.59-88
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• 2008

Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception after AD. Comparisons are made for each segment and for each AD. For the segment who perceives DMB similar to TV, AD that describes DMB as cellular phone could change the prior perception. And AD that describes DMB as personal TV, could enforce the prior perception. For data collection, subjects are selected from undergraduate students because they have basic knowledge about most digital equipments and have open attitude about a new product and media. Total number of subjects is 240. In order to measure perception about DMB, we use indirect measurement, comparison with other similar digital products. To select similar digital products, we pre-survey students and then finally select PDA, Car-TV, Cellular Phone, MP3 player, TV, and PSP. Quasi experiment is done at several classes under instructor's allowance. After brief introduction, prior knowledge, awareness, and usage about DMB as well as other digital instruments is asked and their similarities and perceived characteristics are measured. And then, two kinds of manipulated color-printed AD are distributed and similarities and perceived characteristics for DMB are re-measured. Finally purchase intension, AD attitude, manipulation check, and demographic variables are asked. Subjects are given small gift for participation. Stimuli are color-printed advertising. Their actual size is A4 and made after several pre-test from AD professionals and students. As results, consumers are segmented into two subgroups based on their perceptions of DMB. Similarity measure between DMB and cellular phone and similarity measure between DMB and TV are used to classify consumers. If subject whose first measure is less than the second measure, she is classified into segment A and segment A is characterized as they perceive DMB like TV. Otherwise, they are classified as segment B, who perceives DMB like cellular phone. Discriminant analysis on these groups with their characteristics of usage and attitude shows that Segment A knows much about DMB and uses a lot of digital instrument. Segment B, who thinks DMB as cellular phone doesn't know well about DMB and not familiar with other digital instruments. So, consumers with higher knowledge perceive DMB similar to TV because launching DMB advertising lead consumer think DMB as TV. Consumers with less interest on digital products don't know well about DMB AD and then think DMB as cellular phone. In order to investigate perceptions of DMB as well as other digital instruments, we apply Proxscal analysis, Multidimensional Scaling technique at SPSS statistical package. At first step, subjects are presented 21 pairs of 7 digital instruments and evaluate similarity judgments on 7 point scale. And for each segment, their similarity judgments are averaged and similarity matrix is made. Secondly, Proxscal analysis of segment A and B are done. At third stage, get similarity judgment between DMB and other digital instruments after AD exposure. Lastly, similarity judgments of group A-1, A-2, B-1, and B-2 are named as 'after DMB' and put them into matrix made at the first stage. Then apply Proxscal analysis on these matrixes and check the positional difference of DMB and after DMB. The results show that map of segment A, who perceives DMB similar as TV, shows that DMB position closer to TV than to Cellular phone as expected. Map of segment B, who perceive DMB similar as cellular phone shows that DMB position closer to Cellular phone than to TV as expected. Stress value and R-square is acceptable. And, change results after stimuli, manipulated Advertising show that AD makes DMB perception bent toward Cellular phone when Cellular phone-like AD is exposed, and that DMB positioning move towards Car-TV which is more personalized one when TV-like AD is exposed. It is true for both segment, A and B, consistently. Furthermore, the paper apply correspondence analysis to the same data and find almost the same results. The paper answers two main research questions. The first one is that perception about a new product is made mainly from prior experience. And the second one is that AD is effective in changing and enforcing perception. In addition to above, we extend perception change to purchase intention. Purchase intention is high when AD enforces original perception. AD that shows DMB like TV makes worst intention. This paper has limitations and issues to be pursed in near future. Methodologically, current methodology can't provide statistical test on the perceptual change, since classical MDS models, like Proxscal and correspondence analysis are not probability models. So, a new probability MDS model for testing hypothesis about configuration needs to be developed. Next, advertising message needs to be developed more rigorously from theoretical and managerial perspective. Also experimental procedure could be improved for more realistic data collection. For example, web-based experiment and real product stimuli and multimedia presentation could be employed. Or, one can display products together in simulated shop. In addition, demand and social desirability threats of internal validity could influence on the results. In order to handle the threats, results of the model-intended advertising and other "pseudo" advertising could be compared. Furthermore, one can try various level of innovativeness in order to check whether it make any different results (cf. Moon 2006). In addition, if one can create hypothetical product that is really innovative and new for research, it helps to make a vacant impression status and then to study how to form impression in more rigorous way.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.118-162
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• 2004

Archival description in archives has an important role in document control and reference service. Archives has made an effort to do archival description. But we have some differences and problems about a theory and practical processes comparing with advanced countries. The serious difference in a theory is that a function classification, maintenance of an original order, arrangement of multi-level description are not reflected in practical process. they are arranged in shelves after they are arranged by registration order in a unit of a volume like an arrangement of book. In addition, there are problems in history of agency change or control of index. So these can cause inconvenience for users. For improving, in this study we introduced the meaning and importance of arrangement of description, the situation and problem of arrangement of description in The National Archives, and a description guideline in other foreign countries. The next is an example for ISAD(G). This paper has chapter 8, the chapter 1 is introduction, the chapter 2 is the meaning and importance of arrangement of description, excluding the chapter 8 is conclusion we can say like this from the chapter 3 to the chapter 7. In the chapter 3, we explain GOVT we are using now and description element category in situation and problem of arrangement of description in Archives. In the chapter 4, this is about guideline from Archives in U.S.A, England and Australia. 1. Lifecycle Date Requirement Guide from NARA is introduced and of the description field, the way of the description about just one title element is introduced. 2. This is about the guideline of the description from Public Record Office. That name is National Archives Cataloguing Guidelines Introduction. We are saying "PROCAT" from this guideline and the seven procedure of description. 3. This is about Commomon Record Series from National Archives of Australia. we studied Registration & description procedures for CRS system. In the chapter 5, This is about the example which applied ISAD to. Archives introduce description of documents produced from Appeals Commission in the Ministry of Government Administration. In the chapter 6, 7. These are about the problems we pointed after using ISAD, naming for the document at procedure section in every institution, the lack of description fields category, the sort or classification of the kind or form, the reference or identified number, the absence description rule about the details, function classification, multi-level description, input format, arrangement of book shelf, authority control. The plan for improving are that problems. The best way for arrangement and description in Archives is to examine the standard, guideline, manual from archives in the advanced countries. So we suggested we need many research and study about this in the academic field.