• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.759-771
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• 2011

We evaluated the pollution levels of organic matter and metallic element (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mn, As, and Hg) in the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island using several sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and assessment techniques for sediment pollution. Based on the textural composition of sediment, the surface sediments were classified into two main sedimentary facies: slightly gravelly mud and silt. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) in the sediments ranged from 4.6-9.9 (mean $7.4{\pm}1.1$) $mgO_2/g{\cdot}dry$ and from ND-0.53 (mean $0.04{\pm}0.10$) mgS/$g{\cdot}dry$, respectively. These values were considerably lower than those reported from a farming area in a semi-enclosed bay of Korea and for SQGs in Japan. The metallic element concentrations in the sediments varied widely with the mean grain size and organic matter content, implying that the concentrations of metallic elements are influenced mainly by secondary factors, such as bioturbation, the resuspension of sediment, and anthropogenic input. The overall results for the comparison with SQGs, enrichment factor (EF), and geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$) indicate that the surface sediments are slightly polluted by Cr and Ni, and moderately polluted by As. Our results suggest that the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island are not polluted by organic matter or metallic elements and the benthic conditions are suitable for healthy organisms.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.5-14
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• 1998

This study was performed to estimate interrelation between characteristics of sediment and nutrient releare from sediment in Dae-cheong lake. For the investigations, sediments were sampled in June and October 1997 at fish farms, embayment, and the main stream of Dae-cheong lake. Items for investigation are as follows; water content, weight loss on ignition(IG), porosity of sediment, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(TKN), content of element(H, N, C), nutrient release rate. Water content and porosity were measured to conjecture the physical trait and grain size. And weight loss on ignition was measured to determine the contents of organic substance. For the determination of nutrient release rate, $PO_4-P$ and $NH_4-N$ concentration of interstitial water and overlying water were measured. Release rate of nutrients which has direct influenced upon the water quality were 0.05-8.63mg-$P/m^2{\cdot}day$ and 4.99-36.56mg-$N/m^2{\cdot}day$. And it was found that release rate was measured higher in the 1st sampling than in the 2nd sampling. And for determination of the humus level of sediment, carbon and nitrogen content were measured by using elemental analyzer. Generally, C/N ratio is used to determine humus level of lake sediment. As a result of elemental analysis, C/N ratio was determined in the range of 7.64~11.55, so humus level of Dae-cheong lake sediment was estimated from mesohumic state to oligohumic state.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2007

This study has been conducted to assess blackish-water phenomena in Dam reservoir. To searching for the reason, we survey physical changes in reservoir and analyze metal and organic content in particulate materials and water. The blackish-water phenomena in lake A are occurred with turbidity increases in turnover season irregularly. It was reported on 6 Jan. 2005 weakly and the water column mixed with 35~40m depth and water temperature shows $7^{\circ}C$. The turbidity of AD and AM site increased up to 20NTU. Especially, AN site shows 27NTU, such a result makes that Dam manager conclude it to blackish-water phenomena. The results of sequential extraction analysis show that over 80% of Al, Cr and Fe is existed in residual form in sediment. On the other hand, the most part of Mn shows exchangeable and carbonates form, which have a good possibility of release to water column. Mn contents in pore waters of the sediment samples are also found to be ~4 times higher than Fe contents. The metal contents in pore water of different dam sites are in order of AN (Fe: 9.98, Mn: 40.6) > AD(8.33, 37.5) > DD(1.91, 2.55). According to the results of extracted organic materials from sediment, humic substances is occupied with over 85% in total organic carbon including 23~45% of humic acid (HA) and 0.9~8.5% of fulvic acid (FA). However, HA content in pore water is not detectable while FA contents, acid-soluble humic fractions is higher than that of sediment(10~15%). which indicating that FA is a main humic components affecting water color. The color unit per DOC of FA in pore waters of different dam sites are found to be higher in lake A than lake D. From the results, it could be suggested that blackish-water phenomena of lake A are mainly arise from higher concentration of Mn and water soluble organic fractions (e.g., FA) released from sediments as well as the strength of turnover in Dam reservoir.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.59-65
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to determine the origin of organic matter on sediment at Sindu-ri tidal flat. Grain size, organic matter, C/N ratio and the 13C and δ15N ratio were measured at three stations (Stn. A, B, C) of the tidal flat. As a result, the spatial variation in sediment properties showed that organic matter was related positively to the sediment mud content. Organic matters originating from marine particulate organic matter (marine POM) and fish farm particulate organic matter (fish farm POM) showed sedimentation of organic matters at Stn. A, sandy tidal flat, though terrestial plant (TP) and benthic microalgae (BMA) did at Stn.C, muddy tidal flat. Meanwhile, Stn. B, the intermediate property of Stn. A and C, was affected by marine POM and BMA. Furthermore, it was revealed that the amount and origin of organic matters in the sediments depended on spatial variation, and the factors were different from the stations. Particularly, at the Stn. C, the sediment showed high concentration of TOC in terrestrial organic matter and smaller size particles (< 63 ㎛). These facts suggest the many small size particles and organic matter will affect the sediment environmental condition in the Stn. C.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.975-982
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to offer informations about the current conditions and basic data of stream sediments in Busan city. So we first select 14 urban streams and collect sediment samples. Then, COD, proximate analysis, volatile solid, organic carbon content and elemental analysis were conducted to determine characteristics of the sediments. Results show that COD, volatile solid, Organic carbon content, T-N of sediment are determined in the range of 1.20~75.07 mg/g, 0.19~11.54%, 0.23~34.21% and 0.76~3.46%, respectively. Analysis data of sediments were compared with USEPA sediment quality standards and ontario sediment quality guidelines. As a result, when compared with COD, volatile solid and organic carbon content values, Bosucheon and Gudeokcheon are relatively heavily contaminated than the remainder sampling sites. But when compared with T-N values, all of sites were evaluated as seriously contaminated. Finally, for the determination of the correlations between sediment COD and moisture contents, ash contents, volatile solid, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and total carbon, linear model was fitted to the data using a least-squares algorithm. As a result, Linear model was well fitted to each data with good values of the correlation coefficient (r=0.9664~0.8501).

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.843-853
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• 2009

The sediment samples were collected from Seonakdong River and were analyzed for sulfide species such Acid Volatile Sulfide(AVS) and Elemental Sulfur(ES) and Chromium Reducible Sulfide(CRS). Then characteristics of the formation of sulfide species were investigated for six selected samples. Finally the relationship between environmental factors and sulfate reducing rate(SRR) was investigated using two selected samples. Concentrations of AVS and CRS were relatively high, which suggests that organics input to the sediments has been continued until recently and that potential of heavy metals leaching from the sediments is low. SRR in the sediments was closely related to fraction of fine particles(silt+clay) and also to dissolved organic carbon content of the sediment(DOCsed). The dependences of environmental factors such as organic content, temperature, sulfate concentration on the SRR was relatively strong in the selected experiments conducted with the samples from Noksan gate and Daejeo gate samples. The environmental factor dependencies were stronger in the Noksan gate samples than in the Daejeo gate samples, which is probably due to higher surface area of the Noksan gate sediments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to clarify the origin of organic matters on sediment and the characteristics of seasonal variation at an estuarine tidal flat. Silt-clay content (<63 ${\mu}m$), chlorophyll a, TOC, C/N ratio and the stable isotope ratio of carbon and nitrogen were measured at tidal flat around the estuary of the Nanakita River. As a result, organic matters originating from marine organic matter and bethic microalgae greatly contributed to sedimentation of organic matters at Stn.A, sandy tidal flat, though terrigenous organic matters did at Stn.C, muddy tidal flat. Furthermore, it was revealed that the volume and origin of organic matters in the sediments depended on seasonal variation, and the factors were different from the Stns, i.e. bentic microalgae and event for Stn.A, and the eventual sedimentation of organic matters originating from terrestrial plants, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.2 s.94
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• pp.106-118
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• 2001

The chemistry of porewater and exchangeable nutrients of sediment was determined to define potential influence of sediment nutrients on the water quality and the phytoplankton growth in Taechong Reservoir in March and May of 2000. The sediment-water interface showed almost anoxic state, < 0.5 mg $O_2/l$. Conductivity of the porewater was higher 1.9${\sim}$2.6 fold than that of sediment, and its variation was greater in the shallow water. Eh ranged from -12mV to -148 mV and bulk density from $1.17\;g/cm^3$ to $1.30\;g/cm^3$ and they did not differ among stations. The water content in the sediment ranged from 58% to 72% and organics from 8% to 13%, and they were higher toward the lower part of reservoir. Soil texture was in the order of sand>clay>silt and sandy sediment accounted for 97% of the total sediment. The total bacterial numbers and diatom abundance were high in the downstream of the reservoir. In porewater and exchangeable nutrients of sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus were mostly consist of the particulate form. Inorganic nitrogen was mostly composed of $NH_4$. Nitrogen of porewater was mostly an inorganic form while exchangeable nutrients were composed an organic form. However, phosphorus was composed of dissolved organic fraction in the porewater while inorganic fraction in the exchangeable nutrients. Silicon content of sediment was much exchangeable nutrients with 63%, and it was higher than in the porewater. In summary, the sediments of Taechong Reservoir were mostly composed of organics and assessed to be a eutrophic state.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.542-554
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• 2015

Grain size, the content of ignition loss (IL), and the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg) in surface sediments from the Taehwa River estuary, Ulsan, were measured to evaluate pollution levels and potential ecological risks of organic matter and trace metals in estuarine sediment. The mean grain size (Mz) of sediments in the study region ranged from $-0.8-7.7{\varphi}$ (mean $2.8{\pm}2.4{\varphi}$). Surface sediments in the upstream region of the Taehwa River were mainly composed of coarse sediments compared to the downstream region. The concentrations of IL, COD, AVS and trace metals in the sediment were much higher at downstream sites of Myeongchon Bridge in the vicinity of industrial complexes than at upstream sites of those in the vicinity of the residential areas due to the anthropogenic input of organic matter and trace metals by industrial activities. On the basis of several geochemical assessment techniques [sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$), pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (ERI)], the surfaces sediments in the study region are not highly polluted for trace metals, except for As. However, the higher concentrations in downstream study regions of the Taehwa River could impact benthic organisms including shellfish (i.e. Manila clam) in sediments.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.33-37
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• 2018

In order to recycle sewage dredging soil, we analyzed particle size distribution and organic content of dredged sewage sediments. Based on this, it was determined that particles with relatively low organic content of 1.0 mm or more could be recycled as fine aggregate. Although it was inorganic at the size of 5 mm or more, it contained a number of foreign substances other than fine aggregate, which were needed to be removed with a sieve. Since there are volatile suspended solids between 1.0 and 5.0 mm size, they were removed by means of flotation. Fine aggregate was obtained from dredging soil by screening followed with flotation method, and the proportion of fine aggregate obtained in this study was around 38 %.