• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.517-527
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• 2023

This study aimed to examine the possibility of upcycling extracts of Angelica keiskei and Oenanthe javanica juice by-products through comparing enzyme extraction (EE) and complex extraction (CE) methods to increase the extraction yield and flavor of materials. A higher extraction yield was obtained for free amino acid content with EE and CE for A. keiskei and O. javanica juice by-products, respectively, and a higher extraction efficiency was achieved with juice by-products than with extracts prepared from raw materials before juice production. The content of major amino acids varied depending on the extraction method used. When used according to the characteristics of the extract, their use as a functional material was confirmed along with improvement in the flavor of the food. Consistently high extraction yields for organic acid and sugar levels were obtained with CE in A. keiskei and O. javanica juice by-products. The DPPH radical scavenging ability and TPC were consistently high with CE in A. keiskei and O. javanica juice by-products; the increase in extracted content was likely because of the reaction between the ethanol used for CE and the phenolic compounds. However, because the antioxidant capacity of the juice by-product extracts was somewhat lower than that of the extracts from raw materials before juice production, the amount used should be reviewed. The TFC was found to be higher in extracts obtained with EE than with CE for A. keiskei juice by-products; however, no significant difference was observed between EE and CE in the O. javanica juice by-products. Through this study, the taste compounds and antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from juice by-products produced after the production of A. keiskei and O. javanica green juice were analyzed, and the availability of high value-added materials was confirmed. Based on these research results, expanding specific R&D for practical use should be explored.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2009

In order to develop probiotics which may be a viable alternative of antibiotic use in pig industry, five bacterial strains (Lactobacillus sp. HN 52, 92, 98, 235 and AP 116) possessing antimicrobial properties were selected from 500 strains isolates of pig intestines. The bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus sp. HN 235 displayed a relative broad spectrum of inhibitory activity against all Enterococcus strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium perfringens using the spot-on-lawn method. The production of antimicrobial substance started in the middle of the exponential growth phase, reached maximum levels (6,400 AU/mL) in the stationary phase, and then declined. Bacteriocin activity remained unchanged after 30 min of heat treatment at $95^{\circ}C$ and stable from pH 2.0 to 10 for 1 h, or exposure to organic solvents; however, it diminished after treatment with proteolytic enzymes. The molecular weight of the bacteriocin was about 5 kDa according to a tricine SDS-PAGE analysis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.252-261
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• 2008

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of feeding organic acids and antibiotic growth promoters in weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 96 nursery pigs (Large White$\times$Landrace; initial weight $7.80{\pm}0.07kg$) were randomly allotted into one of four dietary treatments. Pigs in treatment 1 were fed a complex starter diet. Treatments 2 to 4 were the same as treatment 1 but supplemented with antibiotics (200 ppm chlortetracycline plus 60 ppm Lincospectin), 0.5% potassium diformate or 0.5% dry organic acid blend ACTIVATE Starter DA (ASD). During the 4-week post-weaning period, pigs fed ASD or antibiotics had better gain (p = 0.03) and feed efficiency (p = 0.04) than pigs fed the control diet. On d 14 post-weaning, pigs fed the control diet had the lowest fecal lactobacilli count among all dietary treatments (p = 0.02), whereas pigs fed ASD or antibiotics had a trend for lower fecal E. coli count compared to the control pigs (p = 0.08). Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) of pigs fed ASD did not differ from pigs fed the control diet (p>0.05) at d 14 after weaning. In Exp. 2, 24 weaned pigs (Large White$\times$Long White; initial weight $5.94{\pm}0.33kg$) were allotted into four groups and housed individually. Pigs were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with antibiotics (100 ppm colistin sulfate, 50 ppm Kitasamycin plus 60 ppm Olaquindox), 0.5% or 1% ASD. All pigs were orally challenged with E. coli $K88^+$ on d 5. During d 5 to 14 after challenge, pigs fed antibiotics, 0.5% or 1% ASD had better gain (p = 0.01) and feed efficiency (p = 0.03) than pigs fed the control diet. On d 14, compared to the control pigs, pigs fed 0.5% ASD had higher lactobacilli in the duodenum and pigs fed 1% ASD and antibiotics had a trend for higher lactobacilli in the ileum (p = 0.08). Pigs fed antibiotics, 0.5% or 1% ASD diets tended to have decreased ileal E. coli count compared to those fed the control diet (p = 0.08). Serum interleukin-6 and cortisol and digesta pH values were not affected by treatment or time. These results indicate that feeding ASD can improve the growth performance of weaning pigs, mainly via modulating intestinal microflora populations without affecting gastrointestinal pH or immune indices.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.132-148
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• 2023

Ruminants are the main contributors to methane (CH₄), a greenhouse gas emitted by livestock, which leads to global warming. In addition, animals experience heat stress (HS) when exposed to high ambient temperatures. Organic trace minerals are commonly used to prevent the adverse effects of HS in ruminants; however, little is known about the role of these minerals in reducing enteric methane emissions. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the influence of dietary organic trace minerals on rumen fermentation characteristics, enteric methane emissions, and the composition of rumen bacteria and methanogens in heat-stressed dairy steers. Holstein (n=3) and Jersey (n=3) steers were kept separately within a 3×3 Latin square design, and the animals were exposed to HS conditions (Temperature-Humidity Index [THI], 82.79 ± 1.10). For each experiment, the treatments included a Control (Con) consisting of only basal total mixed rations (TMR), National Research Council (NRC) recommended mineral supplementation group (NM; TMR + [Se 0.1 ppm + Zn 30 ppm + Cu 10 ppm]/kg dry matter), and higher concentration of mineral supplementation group (HM; basal TMR + [Se 3.5 ppm + Zn 350 ppm + Cu 28 ppm]/kg dry matter). Higher concentrations of trace mineral supplementation had no influence on methane emissions and rumen bacterial and methanogen communities regardless of breed (p > 0.05). Holstein steers had higher ruminal pH and lower total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations than Jersey steers (p < 0.05). Methane production (g/d) and yield (g/kg dry matter intake) were higher in Jersey steers than in Holstein steers (p < 0.05). The relative abundances of Methanosarcina and Methanobrevibacter olleyae were significantly higher in Holstein steers than in Jersey steers (p < 0.05). Overall, dietary organic trace minerals have no influence on enteric methane emissions in heat-stressed dairy steers; however, breed can influence it through selective alteration of the rumen methanogen community.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.351-362
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• 1998

Microbial growth efficiency in the rumen was studied in sheep given hourly, 31.25 g oaten chaff with either 0.31 and 0.88 g urea or 1.88 and 5.63 g casein (exp. 1) and 33.33 g oaten chaff with 1.04 casein or 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g urea or the mixture of the casein and urea (exp. 2). Concentrations of ruminal fluid ammonia increased with increasing nitrogenous supplements. Organic matter digestibility in sacco in the rumen was not different irrespective of N sources. Isoacids and valeric acid increased with increasing ingested casein but decreased with increasing urea intake. Peptide and amino acid pools in ruminal fluid increased with increasing ammonia concentrations (exp. 2) suggesting that proteolytic activity and transportation of peptides and amino acids across microbial membrane of rumen microbes may be regulated by the metabolite mechanism (intracellular amino acids and $NH_4{^+}$, respectively). Densities of total viable and cellulolytic bacteria in ruminal fluid increased with increasing ammonia levels but that of small Entodinia decreased. The density of fungal sporangia growth on oat leaf blades decreased with increasing ammonia concentrations but appeared to remain constant in the presence of casein. Efficiency of net microbial cell synthesis was 15-28% higher when ammonia concentrations increased from 100 to above 200 mg N/l regardless of N sources. In conclusion, supplementation of preformed protein had no effect on rumen digestion and microbial growth efficiency. This could not be accounted for its effect on ruminal fluid ammonia. Increased microbial growth efficiency with increasing ammonia levels may be due to a reduction in the turnover of microbial cells within the rumen.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.2112-2118
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• 2017

Leuconostoc mesenteroides is used as a starter to produce high-quality kimchi products. In this study, an efficient and economical cabbage juice medium (CJM) was developed by process optimization of cabbage extraction and pasteurization and by compositional supplementation of various lacking nutrients. The pasteurized cabbage juice was determined to be a good medium candidate to cultivate L. mesenteroides, showing maximal cell numbers ($9.85{\times}10^8CFU/ml$) after 24 h. Addition of sucrose and yeast extract with soy peptone resulted in increment of bacterial cell counts in CJM, showing the supplementing effect of the lacking nutrients. Furthermore, addition of shell powder gave a protective effect on bacterial cells by preventing pH decline and organic acid accumulation in CJM, resulting in a 2-fold increase of bacterial counts. The optimized composition of CJM was 70% cabbage juice diluted with water, 0.5% (w/v) sucrose, 1% (w/v) yeast extract, 1% (w/v) soy peptone, and 1.5% (w/v) ark shell powder. The CJM developed in this study was able to yield a comparable level of bacterial counts with MRS medium and reduced the cost by almost 10-fold.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 2013

Pilot scale study was carried out to produce Volatile Fatty Acids with primary sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant. An acid fermenter was operated at pH 9, $35^{\circ}C$, SRT of 3.5-4.25d, using a final effluent as elutriating water(Mode-I) and pH 9, SRT 5d, temperature of $35^{\circ}C$(Mode-II), $55^{\circ}C$(Mode-III), using a primarily treated water as elutriating water. Although solubilization rate was enhanced with the increase of temperature, the VFAs production rate was decreased. The VS reduction was shown approximately 56%, and the sludge volume reduction was 93%. The optimal conditions for solubilization was obtained at pH 9, $35^{\circ}C$ and SRT of 5d.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2006

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on: ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, blood urea nitrogen, and nutrient digestibility in beef cattle. Four, two-and-a-half year old Brahman-Thai native crossbred steers were selected for the project. Each steer was fitted with a rumen cannula and proximal duodenal cannula. The steers were then randomly assigned in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. Prior to formulation of the dietary treatments, feed ingredients were analyzed for chemical composition and a nylon bag technique was used to analyze the treatments various ingredients for degradability. The treatments were organized in four levels of a synchrony index (0.39, 0.50, 0.62 and 0.74). The results showed that dry matter digestibility trend to be increased (p<0.06), organic matter and acid detergent fiber digestibility increased linearly (p<0.05), while crude protein and neutral detergent fiber digestibility were not significantly different (p>0.05). Higher concentration and fluctuation of ruminal ammonia and blood urea were observed in the animal that received the lower synchrony index diets. As the levels of the synchrony index increased, the concentrations of ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen, at the 4 h post feeding, decreased linearly (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid and bacteria populations at the 4 h post feeding increased linearly (p<0.05). Microbial protein synthesis trend to be increase (p<0.08). The results of this research indicate that synchronizing the rate of degradation of dietary energy and nitrogen release improves ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and feed utilization.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.552-556
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• 2007

The effects of alcohol concentration (30% 45% and 60%) on quality changes of maesil (Prunus mume) liqueur during leaching and ripening for 5 months were examined. Total acidity, pH and color of the liqueur generally increased with an increase alcohol concentration for 2 months. Thereafter the significant change did not occur. The contents of reducing sugar and polyphenol in the liqueur increased with an increase alcohol concentration and ripening periods. The major components of free sugar in maesil liqueur were fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose. The content of fructose and glucose were higher than those of sucrose and maltose regardless alcohol concentration. Sucrose and maltose did not detect in the liqueur after leaching and ripening for 2 months. The major components of organic acid in maesil liqueur were citric, lactic, malic, and acetic acids. The optimal alcohol concentration was 45% and the duration of leaching and ripening was about 2 months for production of high-proof maesil liqueur.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.322-322
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• 2022

Hay and haylage as forage are increasing in preference for cattle feed. Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is growing up as a forage crop due to its high production and feed value in South Korea. It is difficult to determine the harvesting stage of triticale for producing hay or haylage with the highest forage value and quality because feed and nutritional value by growth stages of triticale were not known in South Korea yet. In this study, we analyzed forage values, pH, and contents of organic acid, to confirm feed value and quality by growth stages of triticale. The triticale 'Joseong' was sown in the spring of 2022. The sample was prepared in 5 stages: seedling stage, booting stage, heading stage, 10 days after heading, and 20 days after heading. The triticale was dried under 10% and to about 50% moisture for hay and haylage respectively, and then both triticales were fermented anaerobically at room temperature for 40 days. The pH value in all hay and haylage became lower as the triticale was grown up, although the pH value of all triticale hays and haylages ranged between 7.05-5.68. The content of lactic acid in all triticale hays was almost meaningless. The contents in the haylage of the seedling stage were the highest (2.39%) among the haylages, even though those of 20 days after the heading stage (1.67%) were the lowest, which showed a similar tendency with pH value. Conclusionally, the results implied that the feed value and quality of triticale haylage were affected by harvesting time but not hay.