• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.453-460
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• 2000

The forest vegetation of Mt. seondal was classified into eight communities and one afforestation by the phytosocialogical method (Z-M method). In general, Quercus mongolica trees occupied most of the area, while afforestation forest was distributed on the lower slope, cultivated land, and at the vicinity of village. The vegetation on the top part of Mt. Seondal was comparatively well preserved, but that in the lower areas has been disturbed heavily by human activity and some had mixed forests composed of pine trees, oaks, ashes, and Rhododendron micrantum shrub. By cluster analysis method. nine groups were identified as follows : Quercus mongolica group, Q. mongolica - Pinus densiflora group, Q. mongolica - Rhododendron schlipen - bachii group, Q. mongolica - Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa group, P. densiflora group, Juglans mandshurica group, Fraxinus mandshurica group, Betula costata group and Larix leptolepis group. These groups showed differences in species composition, but Quercus mongolica, Q. mongolica - P. densiflora, Q. mongolica - R. schlippenbachii and Q. mongolica - S. chinensis for. pilosa groups among them showed very similar floristic composition to each other. In the relationship between polar ordination axes and environmental variables, altitude was the environmental factor determining variation in species composition along axis X and soil moisture was the environmental along axis Y. They were the main factors in determining forest vegetation. The result of cluster analysis and polar ordination for the forest vegetation were corresponded to those of phytosocialogical classification in classifying vegetation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제77권1호
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• pp.73-82
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• 1988

가야산(伽倻山) 홍류동계곡(紅流洞溪谷)의 식생군집구조분석(植生群集構造分析)을 위하여 11개 장소에 조사구(調査區)를 설치하고 조사된 식생자료(植生資料)로서 3가지의 ordination 방법(polar, principal component analysis, reciprocal averaging)을 적용한 결과, 삼림군집(森林群集)은 소나무군집(群集)과 갈참나무군집(群集)으로 구분되었다. 각 조사구마다 측정한 환경요소(環境要素)와 ordination 결과의 stand scores와의 상관분석(相關分析)에 의하면 소나무군집(群集)에서 갈참나무군집(群集)으로 이행할수록 토양(土壤) pH, 토양유기물함량(土壤有機物含量), 토양함수량(土壤含水量)의 증가는 유의적(有意的)인 관계가 성립되었다. 식생군집구조분석(植生群集構造分析)의 결과에 의하면 평균상대우점식(平均相對優占植)에서 소나무와 참나무류간에는 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)가, 소나무의 상대우점치와 종다양도(種多樣度), 균재도(均在度)간에도 부(負)의 상관관계가 인정되었다. Ordination 방법중 reciprocal averaging 방법이 본 연구에서는 가장 효과적이었으며, RA방법에 의하여 추정된 천이과정(遷移過程)은 교목층(喬木層)인 상층(上層)은 소나무${\rightarrow}$굴참나무${\rightarrow}$갈참나무 및 서어나무의 순이었고, 중층(中層)은 참싸리${\rightarrow}$옻나무류, 철쭉${\rightarrow}$쇠물푸레, 생강나무${\rightarrow}$참회나무, 병꽃나무, 작살나무의 순이었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2015

Ordination has been recognized useful method to analyze the effects of multiple environmental factors on dozens of species in vegetation ecology because of summarizing community data by producing a low-dimensional graphics. Main objective of this study was the application of ordination method, especially principal components analysis (PCA), to analyze the soil characterization on paddy treated by different green manure crops and tillage methods. Treatments included the three tillage treatments and two green manure crops as the following; (i) moldrotary + rotary tillage without green manure crop (Con), with (ii) hairy vetch (ConHv), and (iii) hairy vetch + green barely (ConHvGb), (iv) rotary tillage without green manure crop (Rot), with (v) hairy vetch (RotHv), and (vi) hairy vetch + green barly (RotHvGb), and (vii) no-tillage (Notill). Vectorial distance result from PCA of soil properties including physical, chemical, and microbial properties showed the two main difference. Firstly, soil properties among plots without green manure were strongly affected by tillage strength [Vectorial distance: Con-Notil (5.88) > Rot-Notill (4.58)] at PC1 (35.0%) axis. But it was difficult to find the fixed trend among plots when green manure crop was added in plot. Nevertheless, two groups were separated by adding green manure crop at PC2 (29.2%) axis. These results show that PCA ordination methods could be used the research for change of soil characterization.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.83-99
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• 1982

In this study, thirty-two stands in Kwangnung forest located in the central part of Korea were preferentially selected. In each stand, all stems for trees and shrubs were recorded by species and their girths were measured down to 5cm. In addition, several enviromental factors such as field soil pH, field soil moisture, soil compressibility, depth of soil, thickness of litter layer, elevation and basal area were measured. Three soil cores were sampled and various physical and chemcial properties was determined. The vegetational data were subjected to three kinds of multivariate ordination(PO, PCA, RA). The results suggested that Kwangnung forest was consisted of three forest types: coniferous, mixed and broad leaved forest communities. The relation between the stand scores of ordination and several environmental factors were investigated in terms of correlation analysis in order to examine the relationships between the vegetation and certain environmental factors. As a result of this analysis, the amount of sand content in A1 horizon decreased frm the coniferous to broad leaved forest, while maximum field capacity, pore space, exchangeable cations, loss on ignition, soil pH nad the amount of total nitrogen had a tendancy to increase significantly. However, easily soluble phosphorus appeared to have little to do with the forest types. The result of species ordination of centered-standardized PCA suggested that the major successional pathway in Kwangnung forest was; Pinus densifloralongrightarrowQuercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. alienalongrightarrowCarpinus laxifloralongrightarrowC. erosa in sequence. This trend is in good agreement with the past studies. In three kinds of ordination (centered PCA, centered-standardized PCA and RA) based on nineteen species and twenty-five stands, the total variances accounted for the first three axes were 77%, 46% and 63% respectively. The estimated beta diversity in Kwangnung forest assumed as a coenocline, was 1.5~1.8 HC. Increasing the effect of the sampling errors on ordination perfermance, this low heterogeneity seems to cause the poor concentration of the total variance. The results from the four kinds of ordination were in good agreement with each other, especially between PO, centered-standardized PCA and RA appeared robust. It seems to be worthy of applying multivariate method for analyzing other forest communities in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.117-125
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• 1992

TWINSPAN(two-way indicator species analysis), DCCA(detrended canonical correspondence analysis) and polar ordination method wee used so as to analyze the the relation between forest vegetation and hibitat of mudungsan(1, 187m) located in kwangju area. Vegetationsurvey consulted 1:25, 000 topographical map, set up 41 quadrats and analyzed from April, 1990 to August, 1991. Forest vegetation of mudungsan was classifild to quercus acutissima community, fraxinus mandshurica community, quercus mongolica community, quercus serrata community, quercus dentata community, quercus variabilis community, and pinus densiflora community by TWINSPANmethod, and this almost coincide with the result of plar ordination. according to DCCA analysis, P. densiflora community was formed in xeric and low altitude region which soil nutrient was poor, compared with other communities. q. variabilis and q. acutissima community wee distributed in the region that low altitude and organic matter content was comparatively low, but q. acutissima community was formed in a damp region while q. variabilis community in a xeric region. q. mongolica and f. mandshurica formed the communities in a high altitude region, especially f. mandshurica cmmunity was distributed in a high humidity region. According to polar ordination analysis, the forest vegetation was classified to 7 communities by means of environmental gradient such as humidity, organic matter, ph, temperature, c.e.c and P2O5.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2015

군생태학에서 종, 장소 그리고 환경변수의 관계를 시각적으로 보기 위해 대응분석, 정준대응분석 등 다양한 서열화방법들을 사용한다. Ter Braak (1986), Jackson 등 (1991), Parmer (1993) 등은 고유값 및 거리그래프를 이용하여 서열화방법들을 비교하고 있는데, 이 방법들은 조사된 데이터에 근거하고 있기 때문에, 모집단과 행렬도의 관계를 보여주지는 못한다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 행렬도에 모집단 정보의 표현정도를 측정하는 방법을 소개하고, 이를 활용하여 서열화방법들을 객관적으로 비교하였다. 비교결과, 정준대응분석은 대응분석과 유사한 정분류율을 유지하면서도 환경정보를 이차원 공간에 표현할 수 있는 장점을 지닌 분석임을 확인하였다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 1983

보문산의 관목시(灌木尸)을 대상(對象)으로 수종(樹種)의 종군(種群) 분류(分類)와 천이(遷移) 계열(系列)을 추정(推定)하기 위하여 $5{\times}5m$의 quadrat 22개소(個所) 선정(選定)하였다. 관목(灌木)의 분석(分析)에는 reciprocal averaging(RA) ordination 방법(方法)을 사용(使用)하였으며 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 보문산에 출현(出現)한 관목수종(灌木樹種)은 45종(種)이었으며 우세종(優勢種)은 Quercus aliena, Quercus serrata, Rhododendron mucronulatum 등(等)이다. 2. RA ordination으로 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 보문산의 관목(灌木)은 Zanthoxylum schinifolium에서 Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora-Rubus crataegifolius 를 거쳐 Quercus류(類)로 천이(遷移)되며, 또 하나는 Stephanandra incisa-Corylus heterophylla에서 Lespedeza maximowiczii를 거쳐 Quercus류(類)로 천이(遷移)된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.63-87
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• 1995

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the Quercus mongolica forest on Mt. Sobaek (36°50'∼ 37°07'N, 128°25'∼ 128°35'E), Korea by a reciprocal averaging methol (RA ordination) and the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. Atemporal vegetation tabel was prepared by the RA ordination. As a result it showed that the RA ordination on the first axis is very applicable for selecting the character and differential species of vegetation units of the Quercus mongolica forest. The phytosociological investigations were carried out in 34 stands on the mountain. The field data obtained were classified by the tabel comparison method. For the establishment of new vegetation units, the floristic composition of the Quercus mongolica forest was compared with those of the other vegetation units of the Mt. Sobaek, Considering the candidates of the character and differential species derived from RA ordination. As the result, the forest vegetation was classified into the following vegetation units; Fagetea crenatae Miyawaki et al. 1968 Acero-Quercetalia mongolicas Song 1988 em. Takeda et al.1994 Lindero-Quercetalia mongolicae Kim 1990 1. Lindero-Quercetum mongolicae assoc. nov. 1-1. quercetosum serratae subassoc. nov 1-2. typicum subassoc. nov. Rhododendro-Qurcion mongolicas Song 1988 em. Takeda et al. 1994. It is inferred that the Lindero-Quercion mongolicae and the Rhododendro-Quercion mongolicae corresponded to the cool-temperate forests of central and northern areas, respectively, in Korean Peninsula. Syntaxonomical synonyms were also rearranged based on the result of the present study. On the other hand, the RA ordination of stands and species on the first and second axes revealed some environmental gradients such as altitute, human impact and species richness between the vegetation units. However, the RA ordinations is considered to be less indicative for the gradients of the lower vegetation units than association. With the present study. some phytosociological problems in Korea were discussed here in detail from the floristic viewpoint.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권5_1호
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• pp.419-426
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• 1998

Twenty-two forest stands and one hundred and fourteen plant species were ordinated by a reciprocal averaging(RA) method to extract the major forest patterns of the Quercus forests in Mts. Wolak, choryong, Juhul and Bohyun. The RA stand ordination on the first and second axes revealed a gradient of vegetation. It is the gradient from the Quercus mongolica-dominated forest to the Quercus serrata-dominated forest or Quercus variabilis-dominated forest. An intermediate zone between the two forest types was recognized by the RA stand ordination. Especially the zone on Mt. Bohyun was evidently higher than those of the other mountains. The gradient also showed the environmental one from mesic to xeric habitats and from higher to lower altitudes. The RA species ordination showed the distribution center of each species in the above mentioned patterns of the forest vegetation.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.173-182
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• 1990

To investigate the structure of the plant community structure of Mt. Yongmun in Kyonggi-do, fifty-four plots were set up by the clumped sampling method. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plant and environmental variables. By both techniques, the plant community were divided into two groups by the aspect. the dominant species of south aspect were Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Q. mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and of north aspect were Q. ongolica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla. The successional trends of tree species in south aspect seem to be from P. densiflora through Q. serrata, Q. aliena, A. mongolica to C. laxiflora. As a result of the analysis for the relationship between the stand scores of DCA and environmental variables, they had a tendency to increase significantly from the P. densiflora and Q. mongolica community to C. laxiflora and F. rhynchophylla community that was the soil moisture, the amount of soil humus and soil pH.