• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1986

In series of pasture improvement studies with herbicides on nonarable hilly area, the effects of different cutting intervals (10, 20, 30 and 40 days) after glyphosate (2.9 kg/ha active ingredient) application on establishment and development of surface-sown orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.) and ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.) was measured during 1983-1984. The cutting intervals of the existing shrubs after glyphosate application had no differential effect on establishment, seedling vigor, dry matter yield of surface-sown pasture species and botanical composition of improved pasture. Results showed that good control of the existing shrubs for surface-sown pasture species can be achieved by cutting the shrubs from 10 to 40 days after glyphosate application.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.758-765
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• 1999

Comparative studies of the effects of rates and frequency of application of dairy slurry on herbage yield and stand persistence of alfalfa and various forage grasses have not previously been conducted. The results being reported here are part of a larger study having a primary objective of comparing the effectiveness of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), various grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures for utilizing nutrients from applied dairy slurry. The objectives of this part of the study were to evaluate the effects of various rates and frequencies of application of slurry on herbage yield and stand persistence of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and alfalfa-orchanrdgreass and alfalfa-reed canarygrass mixtures managed as a 4-cutting management system. A randomized complete block design with treatments in a split plot arrangement with four replicates was used. The main plots consisted of 9 fertility treatments: 7 slurry rate and time of application treatments, one inorganic fertilizer treatment, and an unfertilized control. The sub-plots consisted of the two grasses and two alfalfa-grass mixture mentioned above. Slurry was composed from stored solids scraped from the alleyways of a free-stall housing barn and water added to form a slurry having about 8% solids. Manure was pumped from a liquid spreader tank into 10.4 L garden water cans for manual application to the plots. Herbage yields within species were generally unaffected by various rates of application in the first production year. Herbage yields of grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures the second year were generally not affected by frequency of application for the same rate of slurry applied. Slurry application resulted in greater herbage yield increases in grasses than alfalfa-grass mixtures in the 4-cutting management system. In general, herbage dry matter yields of grasses from the dairy slurry treatments equaled or exceeded yields from the inorganic fertilizer treatment. Stand ratings of grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures were not changed by manure application rates. In this study, the highest rate of slurry ($967kg\;total\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in 1995 plus $2,014kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in 1996) was not detrimental to herbage yields or stand persistence of any of the species. It was concluded that applying dairy slurry to these cool-season grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures managed in a 4-cutting system is an acceptable practice from the standpoint of herbage yield and satnd persistence and by doing so the utilization of inorganic fertilizers can be reduced.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 1986

Sysnthesis and accumulation pattern or nonstructural carbohydrates in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cv. Potomac and Baraula, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. Reveille and Semperweide and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) cv. Cosmos 11 and N.F.G. were studied under different meteorological environments and cutting managements. The field experiments were conducted as a split plot design with three cutting regimes of 6-7 cuts at grzing stage, 4-5 cuts at silage stage and 3 cuts at hay stage in Korea and West Germany from 1975 to 1979. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Accumlation of nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate grasses was influenced by grass species and regional climatic environments. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) of orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue in Korea, taken as average of all cutting regimes, were shown a value of 4.39%, 6.08% and 8.01%, respectively, while those under cool summer climatic condition in West Germany accumulated to 10.42% (orchardgrass), 18.02% (perennial ryegrass) and 12.73% (meadow fescue). 2. Nonstructural carbohydrates in orchardgrass were accumulated mainly as mono-and disaccharose, while those in perennial ryegrass resreved as fructosan. The contents of fructosan and mono-and disaccharose were 1.34% and 3.04% for orchardgrass, 3.25% and 2.83% for perenninal ryegrass, respectively. Meadow fescue had a concentration of 3.93% fructosan and 4.08% mono-and disaccharose. 3. Synthesis and accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate grasses were negative associated with increasing of air temperature (P$\leq$ 0.1%). Under hot stress during summer season in Korea, the contents of fructosan, mono-and disaccharose were decreased to about 0.34% nd 1.28% from a value of 1.34% and 2.69% in spring season. In Freising and Braunschweig, the concentration of reserved carbohydrates was less influenced by growing season. 4. Synthesis and accumulation pattern of nonstructural carbohydrates were shown a great respons to cutting frequency of the plants. Frequent cutting system under high temperature lowered the accumulation of reserved carbohydrates, especially fructosan and also caused to decrease the plant regrowth. However, under cool temperature, it shows a less differences of tructosan, mono-and disaccharose in the plants at all cutting systems.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.176-181
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• 2000

In order to clarify the inhibitory effects of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) lipids on ruminal fermentation and digestion, two experiments were carried out in vitro. Experiment 1 was carried out using residues of grass hay from which the lipid fraction was removed by ether extraction. To ground grass samples were added 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0% lipids and incubated anaerobically at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h, with the mixtures of artificial saliva and rumen fluid. Increasing grass lipid levels remarkably reduced DM and NDF disappearances. Volatile fatty acid concentration was significantly reduced at 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0% lipid levels. Microbial nitrogen proportion to total nitrogen tended to decrease by the addition of the lipids. These results indicated that grass lipids have a marked inhibitory effect on ruminal fermentation and digestion, especially when to the substrate was added 3% or more grass lipids as ether extracts. Experiment 2 was conducted to study the relationship between changes in the free fatty acids and changes in the fermentation traits. Samples were incubated for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 h as a sole substrate. The polyunsaturated fatty acids steadily decreased during incubation, whereas the saturated fatty acid ($C_{18:0}$) increased. It was suggested that the hydrogenation was extended during the initial stage of incubation. The unsaturated fatty acids ($C_{18:2}$, $C_{18:3}$) produced at the initial stage of incubation were negatively correlated with the amount of microbial N and DM disappearance, indicating that polyunsaturated fatty acids had the possibility to show an inhibiting effect on ruminal fermentation and digestion.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 1992

This experiment was designed to gain information on factors affecting stubble death of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) during the first rainy season. According to the experimental plan, the effects of sowing methods, drainages and cutting dates on the stubble carbohydrate content of orchardgrass, available soil moisture content of experimental plots, temperatures at the ground level and in the soil, and relative light intensity and humidity at the base of orchardgrass canopy were measured during the rainy season. The carbohydrate content of orchardgrass was sharply decreased to 2.9 % at 3rd day after cutting in the plots cut before rainy season and a gradural recovery was noted following the sharp reduction, but in the plots cut after rainy season, orchardgrass showed 5.5% of carbohydrate content before cutting and 3.0% at the 3rd day after cutting. The same pattern in both carbohydrate reduction and recovery was found between two cutting treatments. The available soil moisture content in the plots cut before rainy season was slightly higher than that in the plots cut after rainy season. But after the rainy season, the available soil moisture content in the plots cut after rainy season was higher than that in the plots cut before rainy season. Soil temperature at lOcm depths in the plots cut before rainy season was higher than that in the plots cut after rainy season. Daily maximum air temperature at the ground level in the plots cut before rainy season was higher than that in the plots cut after rainy season and changeable. Relative humidity at the ground level was below 70% in the plots cut before rainy season, but 75 to 90 % was observed in the plots cut after rainy season. Relative light intensity at the ground level in the plots cut before rainy season was much higher, recorded 50 to 90 %, than that in the plots cut after rainy season showing less than 10%. The results of this study suggest that the stubble death of orchardgrass during the rainy season is due to plant diseases influenced by a decrease of light penetration and increase of relative humidity at the base of the grass canopy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.247-254
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• 2003

A study was carried to compare two varieties of tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea Schr.): Fawn (endophyte infection) and Roa(endophyte-free). The study examined plant height, botanical composition, and dry matter yield of mixed pasture. The cattle grazed on a mixed pasture of tall fescue species and orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.), perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) and white clover(Trifolium repens L.) during March 22, 1997, to September 21, 1997. The number of grazing animals was 4.3/ paddock(50m x50m) and was adjusted according to the condition of pasture. Dry matter yields determined on ungrazed pasture(7-time harvests) were 1,690 $\pm$407kg and 1,128 $\pm$ 238kg/ha on pastures consisting of Fawn and Roa, respectively. This difference was significant(P<0.01). There were 17.71 $\pm$ 1.27cm and 12.83$\pm$0.90cm in average plant lengths of Fawn and Roa(P<0.01), respectively The botanical composition of tall fescue and orchardgrass in the mixture treatment included in the Fawn variety were shown in 34.2 and 3.8％, comparing Roa with 17.1 and 9.6％, on the 21th of September, 1997, respectively. Tall fescue Roa represented a higher botanical composition than orchardgrass(a main species on Cheju). Crude protein content of Fawn was slightly less than that of Roa. From these results, we may conclude that Roa variety is nutritionally better, but is less adaptible to high temperature climate than Fawn. However, Roa variety is still better than orchardgrass in high temperature conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 1986

Synthesis and accumulation pattern of Weender components in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cv. Potomac and Baraula, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. Reveille and Semperweide and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) cv. Cosmos 11 and N.F.G. were studied under different growth environments and cutting managements. The field experiments were conducted as a split plot design with three cutting regimes of 6-7 cuts at grazing stage, 4-5 cuts at silage and 3 cuts at hay stage from 1975 to 1979 in Korea and West Germany. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Air temperature, rainfalls and solar radiation were found to be an important meteorological factors influenced to synthesis and accumulation of Weender components. Under high temperature and strong solar radiation during summer season in Korea, accumulation of crude fiber and cell-wall constituents (NDF) in the plants, as average of all grass species and cutting regimes, were increased to about 30.1% and 48.7% from 27,9% and 42.9% in spring, respectively, while total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) were decreased to 1.52% in summer from 4.01% in spring. In West Germany, the concentration of Weeder components showed little seasonal variation. 2. Crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were shown higher concentration in orchardgrass than those of perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue, but N-free extractions and TNC as well as net energy value were less accumulated in orchardgrass. Orchardgrass contained lower net energy contents with 534 StE. 431 StE and 575 StE/kg for Suweon, Cheju and Freising, respectively, as compared with 624 StE (Suweon), 491 StE (Cheju) and 657 StE/kg (Freising) in meadow fescue.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 1987

To find out the productivity of temperate grasses on the south and north slope, a field experiment was conducted with five forage species of Cactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Phleum pratense, Agrostis gigantea and Trifolium repens. It was treated by randomized block design with 4 replications and lasted from September, 1983 to October, 1986 in Suweon. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. During the vegetative period for three years, the mean surface temperature and soil temperature at a depth of lOcm on the south exposure were 2.0^{\circ}C$ and 0.8^{\circ}C$ respectively higher than that of north slope, but the soil temperature between exposures were practically not different in the mid-summer season. 2. Early growth and development of forage species on the north exposure were better than that of species on the south slope. 3. Average DM yield of grasses on the north slope was much more increased than that of species on the south, however, Trifolium repens was more positive in the south. 4. Otherwise average DM yield of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca arundinacea on the north slope was a little more increased, that of Phleum pratense and Agrostis gigantea was much more increased than that of same forage species on the south.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.231-238
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of vegetative buffer to reduce runoff and soil and nutrient loss at highland agricultural area. The soil of experimental field was classified as Ungyo series (Fine, Humic Hapludults). An area of each field with lysimeter was $50m^2(width\;2.5m{\times}length\;20m)$ and was a gradient of 17%. Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) was cultivated by general management in each field. For establishing vegetative buffer, rye (Secalecereale L.), tall fescue (Festucaarundinacea Schreb) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were planted at the edge of field. Rye buffers were 1m, 2m and 4m wide. Both orchard grass and tall fescue buffers were 2m wide. Vegetative buffers were set up in September 2005 and chinese cabbage was planted in June 2006. Soil loss, runoff and nutrient loss were measured from June to August in 2006. Since the precipitation amount was heavy in July, amounts of runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss were the highest in July during this study period. In comparison with control, vegetative buffers of rye 2m, orchard grass 2m and tall fescue 2m reduced runoff by 3%, 1% and 2%, respectively. In comparison among width of rye buffer, rye 1m, rye 2m, and rye 4m reduced by 1%, 4% and 13%, respectively. Vegetative buffers of rye 2m, orchard grass 2m and tall fescue 2m showed the reducing of soil loss by 59%, 46% and 28%, respectively. In comparison among width of rye buffer, the highest reducing effect of 88% was observed in 4m treatment. Additionally, vegetative buffer reduced N, P and K losses in runoff and eroded soil which were 10 to 54%, 7 to 24% and 11 to 21%, respectively. In different widths, wider vegetative buffer showed lower loss of N, P and K in runoff and eroded soil. As a result of this study, the vegetative buffer of rye was most effective for reducing runoff and soil loss in comparisons with other plants. In addition, wider range of buffers recommended for reducing runoff and soil loss, if possible.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2003

This study was conducted to select the promising varieties of timothy (va.) Climax, Itasca, Alma, Comtal, Liphlea, Erecta, Argus and Kunpu at Daekwanryong(altitude 800m a.s.l.) and Namwon(altitude 450m a.s.l.) branch, and orchard grass (va.) Potomac, Warrior, Ambassador, Hapsung 2, 20, 93E and Kitamidori at Daekwanryong branch of National Livestock Research Institute, from 1999 to 2002. Among the timothy varieties, leafness of Liphlea, Erecta and Kunpu was greatest. Heading time of Liphlea and Kunpu was earliest and plant length of Kunpu was longest. Also, winter survival of Erecta and Kunpu was greatest with 94.0%. Among the orchardgrass varieties, although heading time of Hapsung 20 was late, it's leafness was the best and plant length was the longest in all varieties. Also, winter survival of Hapsung 20 was the highest in all varieties. In Daekwanryong and Namwon, dry matter yield of timothy(va.), Kunpu was highest(P<0.05) among the timothy varieties with 9,493kg and 13,890kg/ha, respectively. Dry matter yields of orchardgrass(va.), Hapsung 2 and Hapsung 20 were greatest among the varieties with 8,690kg and 8,818kg/ha, respectively. In two areas, average ADF concentration of Climax was lowest with 33.4%, and NDF concentration of Argus was lowest with 65.4% in all varieties. Average crude protein content of Alma was the highest with 16.5% and that of Kunpu was the lowest with 13.9%. Average crude protein yield of Kunpu was the highest with 1,710.5kg/ha in all timothy varieties. The ADF concentration of Hapsung 20 was lowest (33.4%), and NDF concentration of 93E was lowest (67.5%). Crude protein content (13.5%) and crude protein yield (1,173.2kg/ha) of Hapsung 2 were highest. These results indicate that Kunpu and Liphlea would be the promising varieties of timothy in Daekwanryong and Namwon, and also, Hapsung 2 of orchardgrass would be the promising varieties in Daekwanryong.