• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.9-23
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• 2018

The distribution of orbicules was investigated for eleven taxa of six genera in Lamiaceae and four taxa of three genera in Verbenaceae using scanning electron microscopy. A literature survey to evaluate the phylogenetic potential of the orbicules and their possible correlations with tapetum types was also conducted. The orbicules are consistently absent in all investigated taxa of Lamiaceae, while small orbicules of an average size of less than $1{\mu}m$ are densely distributed in Verbenaceae. In fact, orbicules appear consistently in 123 of 150 angiosperm families when investigated in at least one species. Thus, the distribution patterns of orbicules could be a useful diagnostic character in angiosperms. In addition, orbicules occur in 84% taxa of the secretory tapetum type, while they are commonly absent in the amoeboid tapetum type (ca. 80%). The presence of orbicules may be correlated with the secretory tapetum type. However, the study of orbicules is restricted in 150 families and the tapetum type within these families can be applied for 92 families out of a total of 416 angiosperm families. Thus, further investigation of orbicules is necessary in extended taxa to address the questions pertaining to orbicules.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.299-314
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• 1984

The Yeongdo Island in Busan City is a remnant of the latest Cretaceous volcano, and consists geologically of andesites, rhyolite tuff, pelitic and psammitic hornfelses, lapilli rhyodacite tuff of the Yucheon Group, felsite and felsite porphyry of the Bulgugsa intrusives, and Holocene sediments in ascending order. The hornfelses are bound to the Taejongdae Formation. The stratigraphic position of the Formation is determined definitely into the Yucheon Group, thus the geologic age is approximately the same with the volcanic rocks of the Group. The sediments had been thermally metamorphosed to make pelitic and psammitic hornfelses of the albite epidote hornfels facies by the effects of active hydrothermal circulation, vaporization, and hybridization of andesitic solution, or of basification of acidic intrusives. Thus, on occasion, those hornfelses are not used to be distinguished from the andesitic rocks in the southeastern part of the Korean peninsula. The paleocurrent direction determined from several cross-beddings of the Taejongdae Formation is suggested to be from southwest to northeast. Orbicular rocks occur in hornfelsed rhyolite tuff, pelitic- and psammitic-hornfelses, and felsite porphyry at a lot of outcrops in the area of southwestern shoreline of the Yeongdo Island. Orbicules in rhyolite tuff and hornfels in the island might have originated from diffusion processes of metasomatic metamorphism carried out by hydrothermal solution rised from the intrusive adamellite which may be emplaced deeply under the Yeongdo volcanics. Those orbicules are due to metasomatic, secondary, and epigenetic origin. Proto-, multi-shelled, and multi-cored orbicules are described in the orbicular tuff. But multi-cored orbicules are not found in the orbicular fornfels. 250 tuff-orbicules numbered sporadically are in $20,000m^2$ area of the locality of orbicular tuff. About 60 hornfels-orbicules occurred sporadically are in $1,700m^2$ area of the locality of orbicular hornfels in the Taejongdae Formation. Orbicules in felsite porphyry might have originated by diffusion reaction between xenoliths and a quiescent zone in felsite porphyry magma. Those are of igneous, primary, and syngenetic origin.