• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2001

With the object of providing a temporary artificial periodonal ligament-like membrane around the dental implant, 10 Branemark type implants were coated with commercially available chitosan(Fluka Co., Buchs, Switzerland) which has a molecular weight of 70,000 and 80% deacetylation degree. Once this bioactive hydrophillic polymer(chitosan) contacts with blood or wound fluids, it becomes swollen and penetrates into the adjacent cancellous bone. Thus the interface between implant and surrounding bone is completely filled with chitosan. This tight junction in early healing phase enhances primary stability. The chitosan coated dental implants were implanted into the fresh patella bones from porcine knees, since the thickness of cortical bone is relatively even and their cancellous structure is homogenous. To test the shock absorbing effect, 1mm delta-rogette strain gage was installed behind the implant. The results showed 1. The principal strain peak value directed to the impact of coated implant was 0.064 0.018(p<0.05) and that of uncoated implant was 0.095(0.032 p<0.05). 2. The peak time delay of coated implant was 0.056sec(0.011 p<0.05) and that of uncoated implant was 0.024sec(0.009 p<0.05). It can be reasoned from this results that the chitosan coating has a shock absorbing effect comparable with a temporary artificial periodontal ligament.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.732-745
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to assess combined effects of early oral feeding after Cesarean section (C/S) under regional anesthesia on bowel function, gastrointestinal complications and surgical recovery. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using KISS, RISS, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, CENTRAL and Google Scholar to identify randomized clinical trials comparing early oral feeding (EOF) with delayed oral feeding (DOF) after C/S. Outcome variables were bowel function and gastrointestinal complications and surgical recovery. Effect size was calculated using weighted mean differences (WMDs) and relative risks (RRs), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Seven studies involving 1,911 patients from 568 studies, 7 studies were included in meta-analysis. EOF was significantly associated with shorter time to recover bowel movement compared with DOF (WMD, - 2.50; CI, - 3.50~- 1.50). EOF was not associated with nausea (RR, 1.15; CI, 0.87~1.53) and vomiting (RR, 0.96; CI, 0.65~1.42), but lower incidence of abdominal distension (RR, 0.70; CI, 0.50~0.98). EOF was significantly associated with shorter time to discontinuation of intravenous fluids (WMD, - 8.88; 95% CI, - 16.65~- 1.11) and removal of urinary catheter (WMD, - 15.23; CI, - 25.62~- 4.85). Conclusion: This meta-analysis provides evidence that EOF after C/S under regional anesthesia not only accelerates return of bowel function and surgical recovery but also reduces gastrointestinal complications. These results suggest that EOF should be offered to women who have undergone C/S to improve the recovery experience and reduce overall medical costs.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.213-218
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• 1993

($\pm$)-Higenamine is known as a cardiotonic principle of aconite root (root of Aconitum spp., Ranunculaceae). A simple and sensitive detection method for higenamine was developed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The recovery of higenamine after extraction and concentration with XAD-2 resin column was around 95% from rat biological fluids such as bile, plasma and urine. The limits of detection of higenamine in these biological fluids were approximately 0.1 ng/ml each. It has well been suggested that tetrahydroisoquinolines possessing catechol moiety such as higenamine should be subjected to the catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) activity in vivo. We detected two major peaks of presumed metabolites of higenamine in the total ion chromatogram obtained from the rat urine sample after the oral adminstration of ($\pm$)-higenamine. The scan mass spectrum of one of the metabolties coincided with those obtained from coclaurine $(C_6$-O-methyl higenamine) and those of the other metabolite are suggestive of isococlaurine $(C_7$-O-methyl higenamine).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2004

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolite anticancer agent active against many types of solid tumors. Tegafur (TF), a prodrug of 5-FU, is frequently used in combination with uracil as dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) inhibitory fluoropyrimidine. We studied the stability of 5-FU and TF in biological fluids of rats and determined their bioavailability (BA) and excretion into bile, and urine. The drug concentrations were analyzed by an HPLC method. At room temperature, there was a 14-30% decrease in the concentration of 5-FU and TF in bile, urine, and plasma specimen at 10 and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ over 240 min. No significant difference was noted among the sample types or between two different concentrations of 10 and $100{\mu}g/ml$. The decrease in drug concentration was significantly less in samples kept on ice (6-12%) for both drugs. These data indicate that biological fluid samples containing 5-FU or TF in plasma, urine, or bile should be placed on ice during the sample collection. Following these storage guidelines, samples were collected after administration 50 mg/kg of each drug via i.v. or oral route. BA was 1.5 folds greater for TF (60%) than that of 5-FU (42%). Approximately 0.52 and 3.3% of the i.v. doses of 5-FU and TF was excreted into bile, respectively. Renal clearance of 5-FU was about 16% of its total body clearance. These results suggest that instability of 5-FU and TF in biological fluids should be considered in pharmacokinetic or pharmacogenomic studies.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

Peroral administration is the most convenient one for the administration of pharmaceutically active compounds. Most of poorly water-soluble drugs administered via the oral route, however, remain poorly available due to their precipitation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and low permeability through intestinal mucosa. In this study, one of drug delivery carriers, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were designed in order to reduce side effects and improve solubility and stability in GI tract of the poorly water soluble drugs. However, plain LNPs are generally unstable in the GI tract and susceptible to the action of acids, bile salts and enzymes. Accordingly, the surface of LNPs was modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for the purpose of improving solubility and GI stability of paclitaxel (PTX) in vitro. PEG-modified LNPs containing PTX was prepared by spontaneous emulsification and solvent evaporation (SESE) method and characterized for mean particle diameter, entrapping efficiency, zeta potential value and in vitro GI stability. Mean particle diameter and zeta potential value of PEG-modified LNP containing PTX showed approximately 86.9 nm and -22.9 mV, respectively. PTX entrapping efficiency was about 70.5% determined by UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Futhermore, change of particle diameter of PTX-loaded PEG-LNPs in simulated GI fluids and bile fluid was evaluated as a criteria of GI stability. Particle diameter of PTX-loaded PEG-LNPs were preserved under 200 nm for 6 hrs in simulated GI fluids and bile fluid at $37^{\circ}C$ when DSPE-mPEG2000 was added to formulation of LNPs above 4 mole ratio. As a result, PEG-modified LNPs improved stability of plain LNPs that would aggregate in simulated GI fluids and bile solution. These results indicate that LNPs modified with biocompatible and nontoxic polymer such as PEG might be useful for enhancement of GI stability of poorly water-soluble drugs and they might affect PTX absorption affirmatively in gastrointestinal mucosa.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.4717-4724
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• 2012

본 연구는 한국전통발효음식과 미백치아의 색조변화와의 관련성을 알아보고자 시행하였으며, 연구방법은 전문가 치아미백을 시행한 자연치아를 한국전통발효음식에 일정기간 침전 후 치과용 측색기를 이용하여 치아색조변화의 정도를 객관적으로 측정하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 치아시편은 30개로 한 치아당 30회 측정되었으며, 전체 측정 횟수는 900회 실시되었다. 측정은 치과용 측색기 ShadeEye NCC$^{(R)}$ Dental Chroma Meter를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 PASW 18.0을 사용하여 분석한 결과, 미백 전, 후 명도와 황색채도에서 유의한 차이가 나타났으며(p<0.001), 용액침전 후 명도와 황색채도는 시간에 따라 변화하였다(p<0.001). 침전용액에 따른 색조변화량의 차이를 알아본 결과, 미백 후부터 1주 동안, 2주에서 3주까지의 기간 동안 각 침전용액에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p=0.001, p<0.001). 한국전통발효음식은 침전기간과 침전용액에 따라 미백치아의 색조변화에 영향이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 본 연구는 구강 내의 상태 그대로를 재연하지 못하였기에 구강 내 상태, 섭취빈도, 구강위생관리에 따라 차이가 있을 것이다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.241-252
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• 2014

The goal of endodontic treatment is the prevention and control of pulpal and periradicular infections. Calcium hydroxide ($Ca(OH)_2$) has been widely used in endodontics as an intracanal medicament to eliminate the remaining microorganisms after chemomechanical preparation. The purpose of this article is to review the antimicrobial properties of $Ca(OH)_2$ as an intracanal medicament in root canal treatment. The first part of this review details the characteristics of $Ca(OH)_2$ and summarizes the results of in vitro studies related to its antimicrobial effect. The antimicrobial effect of $Ca(OH)_2$ results from the release of hydroxyl ions when it comes into contact with aqueous fluids. $Ca(OH)_2$ has a wide range of antimicrobial effects against common endodontic pathogens, but is less effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The addition of vehicles or other agents might contribute to the antimicrobial effect of $Ca(OH)_2$.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.676-681
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• 2004

Acetyl-L-camitine (ALC), a naturally occurring endogenous compound, has been shown to improve the cognitive performance of patients with senile dementia Alzheimer＇s type, and to be involved in cholinergic neurotransmission. Because ALC is an endogenous compound, valida-tion of the analytical methods of ALC in the biological fluids is very important and difficult. This study was presented validation and correction for plasma ALC concentrations and pharmacok-inetics after oral administration of ALC to human volunteers. ALC concentrations in human plasma were corrected by subtracting the concentration of blank plasma from each sample. Precision and accuracy (bias %) for uncorrected ALC concentrations were below 2.6 and 6.5% for intra-days, and 4.0 and 9.4% for inter-days, respectively. Precision and accuracy (bias %)for corrected ALC concentrations were below 10.9 and 6.0% for intra-days, and 10.5 and 16.9% for inter-days, respectively. Quantitation limit was $0.1{\;}\mu\textrm{g}／mL$. After oral administration of a 500 mg ALC tablet to 8 healthy volunteers, the principle pharmacokinetic parameters were 4.2 h of the half-life$ (t_{1/2},{\beta})$, the area under the curve $(AUC_{0{\rightarrow}8){\;}of{\;}9.88{\;}\mu\textrm{g}{\cdot}h/mL$, and 3.1 h of the time ($T_{max}$) to reach $C_{max}$. This study first describes the pharmacokinetic study after oral admin-istration of a single dose of ALC in human volunteers.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.137-145
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• 1989

교정력을 가함으로 인한 치은열구 삼출액의 양 및 삼출액 내에 함유된 arylsulfatase와 $\beta$-glucuronidase 활성의 변동을 관찰하기 위하여 Angle씨 1급 부정교합 환자중 상하악 좌우 제1소구치를 발치한 환자 12명을 선정하여 장치의 장착전, 교정력은 가하지 않고 장치만 장착한 상태, 교정력을 가하고 1주후 및 교정력이 감소하여 다움 교정력을 가하기 위해 내원한 시기에 각각 환자의 원심 치은열구에서 삼출액을 채취하였다. 삼출액의 양은 전 기간을 통하여 뚜렷한 변동을 나타내지 않았다. Arylsulfatase의 활성은 치료전에 비하여 교정장치만 장착한 이후부터 유의성 있는 증가를 나타내었으나 교정력을 가한 이후 효소의 활성은 2차시기에 비해 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. $\beta$-glucuronidase의 활성은 교정장치만 장착한 이후에도 증가하였으며, 교정력을 가한 이후에도 2차시기의 활성에 비해 유의한 증가를 나타내었고 교정력이 상실된 4차시기에는 유의성 있는 감소를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 $\beta$-glucuronidase의 활성은 첫 교정력을 가함에 의한 치조골 및 치주조직 재형성을 잘 반영할 수 있는 좋은 지표로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.370-378
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is that evaluate the distribution and biological roles of TNF-a, interleukin-1${\beta}$(IL-1${\beta}$), interleukin-6(IL-6) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1) in the synovial fliud of patients with non-inflammatory chronic temporomandibular joint(TMJ) disorders in relation to pain during joint movements and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) findings. TMJ synovial fluids aspirates were obtained from 36 patients (36 joints) with chronic TMJ disorders and from 8 controls(8 joints). Patients were divided to four groups. The control group was from healthy volunteers(8 joints), group I(18 joints) was patients with anterior disc displacement with reduction, group II(5 joints) was patients with disc displacement without reduction and group III (5 joints) was osteoarthritis. The TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$ and IL-6 levels in the aspirates were determined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the TIMP-1 level was measured by an enzyme immunoassay. Following examinations for pain during joint movements and MRI observations, these cytokines' level and frequencies of detection were compared. The level of IL-1${\beta}$was not significant different in all groups. but the level of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and TIMP-1 were significant different among groups. The level of IL-6 and TIMP-1 were correlated to pain during movement(p<0.01) and the level of TNF-a(p<0.05). Also, the level of IL-6 was correlated to the level of TIMP-1(p<0.01). Especially, The level of the TIMP-1 level was significantly correlated to the pain during movement and showed very high levle of Pearson's correlation coefficient (r=0.833)(p<0.001). The results indicated that the TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and TIMP-1 levels in the TMJ aspirates of patients with chronic TMJ disorders have been raised. Especially, IL-6 and TIMP-1 were very high levels in the patients who were degraded in the TMJ. Also, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and TIMP-1 showed the significant correlation in the chronic temporomandibular joint disorders. Therefore I suggest that these cytokines were also correlated to the pain during movement in the chronic temporomandibular joint disorders.