• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.32.1-32.20
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• 2022

Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily targets the salivary and lacrimal glands. The pathology of these exocrine glands is characterized by periductal focal lymphocytic infiltrates, and both T cell-mediated tissue injury and autoantibodies that interfere with the secretion process underlie glandular hypofunction. In addition to these adaptive mechanisms, multiple innate immune pathways are dysregulated, particularly in the salivary gland epithelium. Our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of SS has substantially improved during the past decade. In contrast to viral infection, bacterial infection has never been considered in the pathogenesis of SS. In this review, oral dysbiosis associated with SS and evidence for bacterial infection of the salivary glands in SS were reviewed. In addition, the potential contributions of bacterial infection to innate activation of ductal epithelial cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B cells and to the breach of tolerance via bystander activation of autoreactive T cells and molecular mimicry were discussed. The added roles of bacteria may extend our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for this autoimmune exocrinopathy.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2024

The exact mechanism of sialolith formation has yet to be determined. Recurrence of sialolithiasis is rare, affecting only 1%-10% of patients. The current study presents a case of recurrent stones that occurred twice on the right submandibular gland 6 months postoperative and 7 months after reoperation in a 48-year-old female patient. The stones were analyzed using histology, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The first stone showed a three-layered structure with a poorly mineralized peripheral multilayered zone, highly mineralized middle layer, and the central nidus. The stones were composed of Ca, C, O, Cu, F, N, P, Si, Zn, and Zr. In TEM, compact bi-layered bacterial cell membrane was found on the peripheral layer and the central nidus of the stone as well as exosomes in the central nidus. The results demonstrated the essential components of sialolith formation, including bacteria, inflammatory exosomes, and exfoliated salivary epithelial cells that cooperatively underwent the pathogenetic progresses of central nidus formation, induction of compact zone calcification of the middle layer, and repeated subsequent deposition in the peripheral multilayer zone. The rapid recurrence could have resulted from residual pieces of a sialolith acting as the nidus of bacterial infection.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.550-555
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• 2011

Chromosomal loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a common mechanism for the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in human epithelial cancers. LOH patterns can be generated through allelotyping using polymorphic microsatellite markers; however, owing to the limited number of available microsatellite markers and the requirement for large amounts of DNA, only a modest number of microsatellite markers can be screened. Hybridization to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays using Affymetarix GeneChip Mapping 10 K 2.0 Array is an efficient method to detect genome-wide cancer LOH. We determined the presence of LOH in oral SCCs using these arrays. DNA was extracted from tissue samples obtained from 10 patients with tongue SCCs who presented at the Hospital of Tokyo Dental College. We examined the presence of LOH in 3 of the 10 patients using these arrays. At the locus that had LOH, we examined the presence of LOH using microsatellite markers. LOH analysis using Affymetarix GeneChip Mapping 10K Array showed LOH in all patients at the 1q31.1. The LOH regions were detected and demarcated by the copy number 1 with the series of three SNP probes. LOH analysis of 1q31.1 using microsatellite markers (D1S1189, D1S2151, D1S2595) showed LOH in all 10 patients (100). Our data may suggest that a putative tumor suppressor gene is located at the 1q31.1 region. Inactivation of such a gene may play a role in tongue tumorigenesis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.145-159
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• 1997

Traumatic bone cyst is a pathologic cavity that is not lined with epithelium. It is, therefore, not a true cyst. It may be a normal variant rather than a disease process. The etiology of the condition is unknown. This condition is occured widely ranging ages(2 to 75years), however, most are ,found during the second decade of life. Radiographically, this condition is radiolucent lesion with well-defined outline, scalloping of superior margins, Cyst enucleation and curettage is the treatment of choice. The authors compared and analyzed the clinicoradiologic features of the five cases of traumatic bone cyst, diagnosed at the Dental college hospital in Chosun University, Kwangju, Korea. The five cases were shown the followed results; 1. 3cases occured in second decade of life & no significant sex differences (M:F, 2:3) All cases occurred in mandible. 2. Two patients complained symptoms, but three cases had no symptom with encountering during routine examination. 3. In 3 of 5cases, teeth vitality existed except one tooth and no checking of teeth vitality in two cases. 4. All cases didn't have any accurate trauma history, but one case was in orthodontic treatment, another case was postextraction site area. 5. Radiologically, 'scalloping appearance' were evident in all cases; in 3 cases, multilocular tendency & only one case seen intact mandibular canal image. 6. Histologically, all section showed bone trabeculae with blastic activity, 2 cases showed no epithelial lining, and other 2 cases were seen innflammatory cell infiltration in edematous tissue. 7. Surgical intervention (curettage) was that treatment of choice.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.34-41
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• 1990

The pilomatricoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) is rare benign hard, spherical and freely movable cutaneous tumor, which was differentiated from hair cells, particulary hair cortex cells. It is usually occured as a single, asymptomatic, 0.5 cm to 3.0 cm sized, deep seated, firm nodule, covered by normal or pink skin. It arises chiefly in young people, including children, and most often in the head, neck and upper extrimites. The authers experienced a case of pilomatricoma which occured in preauricular region. This case was summarized as follows. 1. 10 years old female has suffered from hard subepidermal mass on preauricular area and she visited our out patient clinic. So we performed surgical extirpation and the excised specimen was pathologically examined. 2. Grossly the tumor measures 2.0 cm in diameter and firm, bosselated, spherical shaped which covered by a thin layer of fibrous tissue. On cut section, it shows spicular gritty surfaces, well encapsulation, interwoven and keratotic lamellae. 3. Histopathologically, the epithelial masses of the tumor are composed of two type of cells, basophilic cells and shodow cells. The basophilic cells resemble hair matrix cells which posses round or elogated, deeply basophilic nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. The shadow cells show a central, unstained shadow at the site of the lost nucleus. Gradual development of basophilic cells into shadow cells can be observed. Foci of calcification are present within the lobule of shadow cells. The stroma of the tumor shows a considerable foreign body giant cell reaction adjacent to the shadow cells. 4. No recurrence was observed until post-operative 40 months.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2001

Recently, the consumption of soy products has been associated with low rates of hormone-dependent and hormone-independent cancers. Asians, who consume $20{\sim}50times$ more soy per capita than Americans, have lower incidence and death rates from breast and prostate cancer. Because soy contains the isoflavones genistein and daidzein (present as their glycosidic conjugates) at mg/g concentrations, it has been suggested that isoflavones might be acting as natural chemopreventive agents. During the 1980s several groups of investigators carried out experiments to test the effectiveness of soy in the diet in animal models of cancer. These studies reported a protective effect of soy; none showed that soy increased cancer risk. Genistein was shown to inhibit the growth of a wide variety of tumor cell types in culture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of genistein on the carcinogenesis induced by topical application of 0.5% 9, 10-dimethyl 1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) on the hamster buccal pouch. 48 syrian hamsters were employed in this study, divided into experimental group and control. 24 animals (DMBA topical application group) had the right buccal pouch painted 3times weekly with 0.5% DMBA in mineral oil, 24 animals (genistein group) were supplied with 0.1mg genistein with DMBA topical application. 3 animals in the experimental group and control were sacrificed at serially each other week after experiments. Their buccal pouches were removed and routinely processed for microscopic examination. The results were as follows: 1. In DMBA topical application and genistein group, they showed carcinogenesis as time goes by experimental stage. 2. Genistein group was retarded in carcinogenesis related to the acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, epithelial dysplasia. 3. p53 immunohistochemical study showed that the p53 protein of genistein group was less expressed than that of the control group. Thus, it seems that genistein has chemopreventive effect on the carcinogenesis in the oral cavity, but further study is required to elucidate the anticancer mechanism of genistein.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.199-204
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• 2005

Background : Oral leukoplakia(OL) and lichen planus(LP) are common soft tissue lesions characterized by white plaque or striae with erosion. The clinical characteristics of these diseases are similar but the cause and clinical course of them are very different. I compared OL with LP by analysizing clinical and histopathological characteristics and follow up study. Patients and methods : The clinical analysis of 200 patients with OL and LP was performed by review of dental and medical charts. And H/E slides were examined under the light microscope. we examined H/E slides by the light microscope. The follow up study of patients was performed. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS/PC WINDOWS (version 13.0). Results : The age distribution of OL was in the range of 13-75 years old being most prevalent in the 5th decade and there was a tendency of male prevalent. The age distribution of LP was in the range of 20-79 years old being most prevalent in the 4th decade and there was a tendency of female prevalent. The most common site of involvement was the buccal mucosa in both diseases. The most common clinical features of OL and LP were white plaque type and white lesion with striae, respectively. In case of LP, the most common clinical sign was tenderness to palpation. Fifteen cases of OL and eight cases of LP showed epithelial dysplasia. Twelve cases of OL recurred after surgery of oral squamous cell carcinoma and 2 cases of LP were transformed into oral squamous carcinoma. Conclusion : There was statistically significant difference in age, sex, clinical signs of patients, frequency of epithelial dysplasia between OL and LP. The Pearson coefficient correlation efficient was 0.51(p < 0.05). The knowledge of the difference between OL and LP can help understand these diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2018

Listeria monocytogenes can asymptomatically inhabit the human intestine as a commensal bacterium. However, the mechanism by which L. monocytogenes is able to inhabit the intestine without pathogenic symptoms remains unclear. We compared the invasion efficiency of L. monocytogenes strains with the 268- and 385-bp-long actA gene. Clinical strains SMFM-CI-3 and SMFM-CI-6 with 268-bp actA isolated from patients with listeriosis, and strains SMFM-SI-1 and SMFM-SI-2 with the 385-bp gene isolated from carcasses, were used for inoculum preparation. The invasion efficiency of these strains was evaluated using Caco-2 cells (intestinal epithelial cell line), prepared as normal and healthy cells with tightened tight junctions and senescent cells with loose tight junctions that were loosened by adriamycin treatment. The invasion efficiency of L. monocytogenes strains with the 268-bp-long actA gene was 1.1-2.6-times lower than that of the strains with the 385-bp-long gene in normal and healthy cells. However, the invasion efficiency of both types of strains did not differ in senescent cells. Thus, L. monocytogenes strains with the 268-bp-long actA gene can inhabit the intestine asymptomatically as a commensal bacterium, but they may invade the intestinal epithelial cells and cause listeriosis in senescent cells.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 2009

High concentrations of ATP induce membrane blebbing. However, the underlying mechanism involved in epithelial cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in membrane blebbing using Par C5 cells. We stimulated the cells with 5 mM of ATP for 1${\sim}$2 hrs and found the characteristics of membrane blebbing, a hallmark of apoptotic cell death. In addition, 500 ${\mu}M$ Bz-ATP, a specific P2X7R agonist, induced membrane blebbing. However, 300 ${\mu}M$ of Ox-ATP, a P2X7R antagonist, inhibited ATP-induced membrane blebbing, suggesting that ATP-induced membrane blebbing is mediated by P2X7R. We found that ATP-induced membrane blebbing was mediated by ROCK I activation and MLC phosphorylation, but not by caspase-3. Five mM of ATP evoked a biphasic $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ response; a transient $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ peak and sustained $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase secondary to ATP-stimulated $Ca^{2+}$ influx. These results suggest that P2X7R plays a role in membrane blebbing of the salivary gland epithelial cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.4117-4123
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• 2016

Background: Methylation of promoter 2 of the SHP1 gene is epithelial cell specific, with reported potential as a lymph node metastatic marker. Objective: To demonstrate SHP1-P2 methylation-specific quantitative PCR effectiveness in detecting colorectal cancer (CRC) DNA in lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: SHP1-P2 methylation levels were measured in lymph nodes of CRC patients and compared with pathological findings and patient prognosis. Results: Lymph nodes of CRC metastatic patients without microscopically detectable cancer cells had higher SHP1-P2 methylation levels than lymph nodes of controls (p<0.001). In addition, a higher SHP1-P2 methylation level was associated with a shorter duration until adverse disease events, metastasis, recurrence and death (r2 = 0.236 and p value = 0.048). Studying two cohorts of 74 CRC patients without microscopic lymph node metastases showed that only the cohort containing samples with high SHP1-P2 methylation levels had a significant hazard ratio of 3.8 (95%CI = 1.02 to 14.2). Conclusions: SHP1-P2 methylation PCR can detect CRC DNA in lymph nodes even if cancer cells are not visible under a microscope, confirming applicability as a potential universal lymph node metastatic marker.