• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.165-172
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• 2004

Ginseng is traditionally cultivated worldwide in cold continental climates. It is now also being cultivated in maritime environments such as New Zealandis. This paper reports a number of growth and quality parameters for plants grown under those conditions over two growing seasons and the intervening winter dormant period. While shoot biomass peaked mid-summer, in contrast, root biomass peaked late autumn/early winter. Starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose and inositol were detected in the roots. Starch concentrations were highest in early autumn (mean 470 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight) and lowest in mid spring (218 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Sucrose concentrations were low during early summer until late autumn but increased rapidly with the onset of winter and peaked during mid spring (168 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Fructose and glucose concentrations were similar and peaked in late spring (5.3 and 6.2 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Inositol concentrations peaked in mid summer (1.7 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Starch/sugar ratios were high during summer and autumn and low during winter and spring. Ginsenoside concentrations and profiles showed that the six major ginsenosides, Rgl, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd, were present, but Rf was absent. Concentrations did not vary with sampling date. The most abundant ginsenosides were Re (15.9 to 17.5 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight) and Rb1 (10.7 to 18.1 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Combined, they accounted for < $75{\%}$ of total ginsenoside concentrations. Limited taste tests indicated that highest root quality occurred during late autumn, after the shoots had senesced. However, quality could not be related to plant chemistry.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examines errors in death certificates (DCs) issued to cases of poisoning. Methods: DCs issued in poisoning cases were retrospectively reviewed. Errors in the DC were classified as major and minor errors, and were evaluated in accordance with their impact on the process of selecting the cause of death (COD). Results: A total of 79 DCs were evaluated; 43 (54.4%) DCs were issued in the emergency department (ED), and 36 (45.6%) DCs were issued outside the ED. The average major and minor errors per DC were determined to be 0.4 and 3.3, respectively. Moreover, an average of 3.0 errors were discovered in DCs issued at the ED, and 4.4 errors in DCs issued outside the ED. The most common major errors were incorrect manner of death (11.4%, 9/79), followed by unacceptable COD (7.6%, 6/79), and the mode of dying as an underlying COD (5.1%, 4/79). The common minor errors most frequently encountered were incorrect time interval (86.1%, 68/79), followed by incorrect other significant conditions (73.4%, 58/79), and no record for date of onset (62.0%, 49/79). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the total numbers of major errors, minor errors and cases of misjudged cause of death were greater in DCs issued outside the ED than in DCs issued at the ED. The most frequently quoted major error of DCs related to poisoning was determined to be the incorrect manner of death.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.9
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• pp.389-395
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• 2013

Purpose: This single-center study was conducted to assess the changes in epidemiological and clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) over the past 7 years. Methods: This retrospective study included 135 children with KD, admitted to Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, between 2004 and 2005 (group A, n=53) and between 2011 and 2012 (group B, n=82). Medical records were reviewed to obtain information regarding the presenting signs and symptoms, demographic characteristics, and laboratory and echocardiographic findings associated with KD. Results: The hospital admission date after onset was significantly earlier in group B than in group A (P=0.008). The proportion of patients with incomplete KD was 45.3% and 65.9% in group A and B, respectively (P=0.018). The number of pretreatment coronary artery lesions (CALs) were significantly lesser in group B than in group A. (10/53 vs. 5/82, P=0.021). No significant differences was observed in the incidence of CALs at discharge, febrile phase duration, hospital stay duration, incidence of retreatment, and intravenous immunoglobulin dose between 2 groups. The total febrile phase was shorter in patients with incomplete KD than in those with complete KD in both groups. Conclusion: The proportion of incomplete KD has become higher. Furthermore, early admission and management of patients with KD may be related to increased incomplete KD and decreased CALs. Therefore, we believe that a diagnostic strategy for incomplete KD should be established regardless of the presence of coronary lesions.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.sup1
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• pp.5-9
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• 2016

Blau syndrome (BS) is a rare autosomal dominant, inflammatory syndrome that is characterized by the clinical triad of granulomatous dermatitis, symmetric arthritis, and recurrent uveitis. Mutations in the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2 ) gene are responsible for causing BS. To date, up to 30 Blau-associated genetic mutations have been identified within this gene. We report a novel NOD2 genetic mutation that causes BS. A girl, aged 8 years, and her brother, aged 10 years, developed erythematous skin rashes and uveitis. The computed tomography angiogram of the younger sister showed features of midaortic dysplastic syndrome. The brother had more prominent joint involvement than the sister. Their father (38 years) was also affected by uveitis; however, only minimal skin involvement was observed in his case. The paternal aunt (39 years) and her daughter (13 years) were previously diagnosed with sarcoidosis. Mutational analysis revealed a novel c.1439 A>G mutation in the NOD2 gene in both siblings. The novel c.1439 A>G mutation in the NOD2 gene was found in a familial case of BS. Although BS is rare, it should always be considered in patients presenting with sarcoidosis-like features at a young age. Early diagnosis of BS and prompt multisystem workup including the eyes and joints can improve the patient's outcome.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.741-745
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• 2015

Background Microvascular complications after free-flap breast reconstructions are potentially devastating problems that can increase patient morbidity and lead to flap loss. To date, no comprehensive study has examined the rates of salvage and the methods of microvascular revision in breast reconstruction. We reviewed the treatment of microvascular complications of free-flap breast reconstruction procedures over a seven-year period. Methods A retrospective review of all patients who underwent microvascular breast reconstruction at our institution between April 2006 and December 2013 was conducted. Based on their surgical records, all patients who required emergency re-exploration were identified, the rate of flap salvage was determined, the factors associated with flap salvage were evaluated, and the causes and methods of revision were reviewed. Results During the review period, 605 breast reconstruction procedures with a free lower abdominal flap were performed. Seventeen of these flaps were compromised by microvascular complications, and three flaps were lost. The overall salvage rate was 82.35%. No significant differences between the salvaged group and the failed group were observed with regard to age, BMI, axillary dissection, number of anastomotic arteries and veins, recipient vessel types, or use of the superficial inferior epigastric vein in the revision operation. Successful salvage of the flap was associated with a shorter time period between recognizing the signs of flap compromise and the take-back operation. Conclusions The salvage rate of compromised lower abdominal flaps was high enough to warrant attempting re-exploration. Immediate intervention after the onset of flap compromise signs is as important as vigilant postoperative monitoring.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.59-68
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a method for selecting meaningful event packets from which can receive before anything else from seismograph according to allotted priority and estimate epicenter using selected packets. Event packets which received from each station will be evaluated with their onset time, signal period and SNR by statistical method and will be selected packets related with real earthquake's P-wave. And estimated epicenters using by 'Application of epicenter estimation using first P arrivals'. With local earthquakes occurred in 2007 were announced by KMA, collected event packets on earthquake happened date and selected p-wave related packets and estimated epicenter. After result of experiment, if an earthquake occurred within seismic networks, can estimate epicenter with small misfits just after event packets arrived from above 4 stations. Considering average distance of each station, in case of using all stations' data include other organization, can estimate and alert rapidly. It show this method is useful when construct a local earthquake early warning system later.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.62-62
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• 2018

Inhibition of aldose reductase (AR) has been shown to prevent the onset and progression of many diabetic complications wherein several AR inhibitors were isolated from plants abundant in polyphenolic compounds. Lespedeza cuneata (Fabaceae), a perennial plant indigenous in East Asian countries, is shown to be abundant in these polyphenolic substances such as flavonoids and tannins. However, there are no studies to date regarding its effects on AR. In this study, the inhibitory activity of the methanol extract and stepwise polarity fractions of Lespedeza cuneata on AR was investigated. The bioactive compounds purified from L. cuneata by repeated column chromatography were also tested for AR inhibition. Results show that the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of L. cuneata exhibited potent inhibition against AR with $IC_{50}$ values of 0.57 and $0.49{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Further analysis led to the isolation of acacetin (1), afzelin (2), astragalin (3), kaempferol (4), and scutellarein 7-O-glucoside (5). The AR inhibitory effects these five compounds were also determined in which compounds 2, 3, and 5 showed potent AR inhibitory effects with $IC_{50}$ values of 2.20, 1.91, and $12.87{\mu}M$, respectively. Quantitative analysis of astragalin (3) by HPLC-UV was also performed in the leaves and roots of L. cuneata (0.626 and 0.671 mg/g, respectively). This study reports that the flavonoids isolated from L. cuneata show promising AR inhibitory activities which can be further developed as natural therapies for treating and managing diabetic complications.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.975-982
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• 2021

Objective : The occurrence of posterior fossa teratomas in adulthood is extremely rare. In this study, we aimed to report our experience with two cases of posterior fossa mature teratoma in adults who underwent surgical resection. We also performed a systematic review of published papers available to date. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of patients who had onset of posterior fossa teratomas in adulthood at our institute between 1995 and 2020. We evaluated the clinical, radiographic, and pathological features of mature teratomas at the posterior fossa in adulthood. Furthermore, we searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science database and reviewed published articles. Results : We found 507 articles on database review; of them, 102 were duplicates and 389 were excluded based on the inclusion criteria. Finally, 16 cases of posterior fossa from the web search and related articles. Subsequently, we added two cases that underwent surgery at our institute. We analyzed a total of 18 cases of mature teratomas. Headache was the most common (55.6%) symptom. The teratomas showed heterogeneous signals on magnetic resonance imaging. Thirteen patients (72.2%) had lesion at midline, five patients (27.8%) had calcification. Surgical resection was performed in all patients. No studies reported recurrence after resection. Conclusion : The occurrence of posterior fossa teratomas in adulthood is difficult to diagnose at the initial stage. Radiographic diagnosis alone can lead to misdiagnosis. Pathological confirmation is essential. Surgical resection is a curative option for posterior fossa teratomas in adulthood.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2019

Purpose : Elastic taping is a therapeutic method, used for treatment of various musculoskeletal and neuromuscular deficits. However, there is limited evidence, of the effects of ankle elastic taping in neurologic patients. The purpose of this study, was to investigate the effect of elastic taping on gait, in the affected ankle area of chronic stroke patients. Methods : Subjects were randomized to receive 30 chronic stroke patients, who were 6 months old from the date of onset according to screening criteria. Group I showed ankle joint taping, and Group II had ankle muscle taping. Dynamic balance and temporal and spatial gait, were measured before taping application, and after 30 minutes of taping application. Results : Dynamic balance was measured using the Time up & Go test (TUG). There was statistically significant difference, between Group I and Group II (p<.05). There was no statistically significant difference, between Group I and Group II. Temporal and spatial gait were measured using GaitRite. In Group I, there was significant difference, before and after taping (p<.05). In Group II, there was no significant difference, before and after taping (p>.05). There was significant difference in Group I, between Group I and Group II (p<.05). Conclusion : Results suggest that intervention using elastic taping, may have a positive effect, on rehabilitation diversity and function in stroke patients. Based on this, it can be used for rehabilitation of stroke patients. Various studies on the application method, and effect of the application site as well as application time, should be continued with stroke patients.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.441-452
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• 2022

Congenital diarrheal disorders (CDDs) with genetic etiology are uncommon hereditary intestinal diseases characterized by chronic, life-threatening, intractable watery diarrhea that starts in infancy. CDDs can be mechanistically divided into osmotic and secretory diarrhea. Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE), also known as intestinal epithelial dysplasia, is a type of secretory CDD. CTE is a rare autosomal recessive enteropathy that presents with intractable neonatal-onset diarrhea, intestinal failure, severe malnutrition, and parenteral nutrition dependence. Villous atrophy of the intestinal epithelium, crypt hyperplasia, and irregularity of surface enterocytes are the specific pathological findings of CTE. The small intestine and occasionally the colonic mucosa include focal epithelial tufts. In 2008, Sivagnanam et al. discovered that mutations in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM, MIM# 185535) were the genetic cause of CTE (MIM# 613217). More than a hundred mutations have been reported to date. Furthermore, mutations in the serine peptidase inhibitor Kunitz type 2 (SPINT2, MIM# 605124) have been linked to syndromic CTE. In this study, we report the case of a 17-month-old male infant with congenital diarrhea. Despite extensive etiological workup, no etiology could be established before admission to our center. The patient died 15 hours after being admitted to our center in a metabolically decompensated state, probably due to a delay in admission and diagnosis. Molecular autopsy with exome sequencing revealed a previously reported homozygous missense variant, c.757G>A, in EpCAM, which was confirmed by histopathological examination.