• Wind and Structures
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.693-707
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• 2015

The efficiency of wind turbines (WT) is primarily reflected in their ability to generate electricity at any time. Downtimes of WTs due to "conventional" inspections are cost-intensive and undesirable for investors. For this reason, there is a need for structural health monitoring (SHM) systems, to enable service and maintenance on demand and to increase the inspection intervals. In general, monitoring increases the cost effectiveness of WTs. This publication concentrates on the application of two vibration-based SHM algorithms for stability and structural change monitoring of offshore WTs. Only data driven, output-only algorithms based on stochastic subspace identification (SSI) in time domain are considered. The centerpiece of this paper deals with the rough mathematical description of the dynamic behavior of offshore WTs and with the basic presentation of stochastic subspace-based algorithms and their application to these structures. Due to the early stage of the industrial application of SHM on offshore WT on the one side and the required confidentiality to the plant manufacturer and operator on the other side, up to now it is not possible to analyze different isolated structural damages resp. changes in a systematic manner, directly by means of in-situ measurement and to make these "acknowledgements" publicly available. For this reason, the sensitivity of the methods for monitoring purposes are demonstrated through their application on long time measurements from a 1:10 large scale test rig of an offshore WT under different conditions: undamaged, different levels of loosened bolt connections between tower parts, different levels of fouling, scouring and structure inclination. The limitation and further requirements for the approaches and their applicability on real foundations are discussed along the paper.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제33권6호통권134호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2005

본 연구는 각 결합부 조건에 따른 결합부의 강도적 성능 증가를 살펴보고자 하였다. 주 부재로 집성재를, 측면 부재로 3 mm 두께의 강철판을 사용하여 제작하였으며, 1 mm 두께의 강철판을 개수를 달리하여 집성재에 삽입하여 결합부를 제조하였다. 본 연구를 통해 아주 얇은 두께의 강철판이라도 대단면 부재인 집성재 내부에 삽입하여 결합부를 제조할 경우 강도에 상당한 증가를 보였다. 집성재 결합부는 강철판을 삽입하지 않은 A 그룹, 강철판을 1개 삽입한 B 그룹, 강철판을 2개 삽입한 C 그룹, 그리고 강철판을 3개 삽입한 D 그룹으로 각각 분류하였다. 강철판을 삽입하지 않은 A 그룹에 비해 강철판을 1개 삽입한 B 그룹은 최대값과 항복 하중값을 각각 18%, 13%, 강철판을 2개 삽입한 C 그룹은 27%, 20%, 강철판을 3개 삽입한 경우 33%, 24%의 강도 증가를 보였다. 하지만 집성재 내부에 얇은 두께의 강철판을 삽입하는데 필요한 추가적인 경제적 기술적 어려움으로 인해 강철판 삽입으로서 얻을 수 있는 강도적 성능 증가와 그에 따른 어려움을 충분히 고려해야 할 것이다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.331-337
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• 2020

Blind rivet nuts (BRNs) are increasingly used in automotive industry because unlike conventional bolt fastening, BRN fastening requires access from one side only. Generally, fastening is conducted using automated units, but manual fastening may be resorted to in case of small quantities. Since the fastening direction is not exactly perpendicular to the sheet metal, the BRN axis is tilted with respect to the plate and may result in damage or incomplete fastening. As the tilt angle (clamping angle α) increases, undesired plate deformation occurs and the contact area of the plate with the BRN fastening area decreases, reducing the clamping effect. In this study, the reduction of the clamping effect with the α was investigated to ensure stable fastening force. M6 BRNs were used in the tests. The fastening force was measured as follows: the plate was cut in half through the center of the hole; the BRN was inserted into the hole and fastened; and the clamping angle a was measured (values, 0° ≤ α ≤ 9°). The force leading to the separation of the halves was measured using a universal testing machine (UTM). The maximum α range, in which the fastening force remains stable, was determined. Finite element (FE) analysis confirmed that the fastening force decreases approximately linearly with increasing α. Based on the experiment and FE analysis using various α, the fastening force was found to decrease with α. Further, the maximum tolerance for α that provides secure fastening without damage is suggested.