• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.12-18
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• 1991

The effect of urea and urea derivatives on the percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid and sodium salicylate through the skin of rabbit from petrolatum ointment was investigated. It was found that addition of urea or urea derivatives to the ointment base significantly increased the percutaneous absorption of the drugs in proportion to the concentratoin of the additive. The percutaneous absorptoin-enhancing activities of these compounds were that urea derivatives with the more and longer alkyl substituents showed the stronger activities. These activities of urea and urea derivatives were ascribed to the binding of these compounds with the lipids and proteins of the stratum corneum of the skin and the swelling of the tissues, which leads to the reduction of the barrier property of the layer. The preliminary skin irritation test showed that urea and urea derivatives were quite non-irritating to the skin. These results suggest that urea derivatives have a strong possibility to be developed as a percutaneous absorption enhancer.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1982

Silver sulfadiazine has been introduced to replace silver nitrate in the topical treatment of extensive burns and this drug exerts a prominent antibacterial action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The compound is painless upon application and insufficient sulfadiazine is absorbed to cause crystalluria. The primary purpose of the study was to clarify the antimicrobial action of zinc sulfadiazine ointment in comparison with silver sulfadiazine ointment as well as the pharmaceutical properties of the zinc sulfadiazine preparations. The results are summerized as followings: 1) The optimum ratio of two substrate compounds for the synthesis of zinc sulfadiazine are 2 moles of sulfadiazine and 1 mole of zinc sulfate at pH 6.0. 2) The stability of zinc sulfadiazine ointment preparation by using polyethylene glycol base, Beeler's base or polyoxyl 40 stearate base was more stable than that of silver sulfadiazine preparations. 3) The antimicrobial action of zinc sulfadiazine exhibits a stronger antimicrobial activity than that of sulfadiazine against Staphylococcus aureus but the opposite is true against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

• 대한피부과학회지
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• 제56권10호
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• pp.624-627
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• 2018

Allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory condition associated with periorbital erythema, edema, and pruritus. The periorbital skin is relatively thin compared with the skin over other facial areas; therefore, it is vulnerable to allergen penetration and may show a variety of cutaneous manifestations. Recently, vision enhancement surgery is a widely performed procedure, and the prevalence of senile cataract and glaucoma is increasing. The prevalence of periocular allergic contact dermatitis is increasing secondary to the growing use of topical ophthalmic medications. Several studies in Korea have reported periocular allergic contact dermatitis secondary to the use of topical ophthalmic medications including latanoprost ($Latano^{(R)}$), fluorometholone ($Tolon^{(R)}$), polymyxin B ($Terramycin^{(R)}$), atropine sulfate ($Atropine^{(R)}$), neomycin sulfate ($Cambison^{(R)}$), and befunolol hydrochloride ($Bentos^{(R)}$), among others. However, ofloxacin ($Effexin^{(R)})$-induced allergic contact dermatitis has not been reported in the domestic and/or foreign literature. We report a case of periocular allergic contact dermatitis secondary to the use of ofloxacin ophthalmic ointment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.277-290
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• 2008

The process of wound repair involves an ordered sequence of events such as overlapping biochemical and cellular events that, in the best of circumstances, result in the restoration of both the structural and functional integrity of the damaged tissue. An important event during wound healing is the contraction of newly formed connective tissues by fibroblasts. The polypeptide growth factors, like transforming growth factor-${\beta}$(TGF-${\beta}$, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF- I) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), play very important mediator roles in the process of wound contraction. Deer antlers, as models of mammalian regeneration, are cranial appendages that develop after birth as extensions of a permanent protuberance (pedicle) on the frontal bone. Antlers contain various growth factors which stimulate dermal fibroblast growth. They are involved in digestion and respiration and are necessary for normal wound healing and skin health. In order to investigate and evaluate the effects of red deer antlers on skin wound site, the speed of full-thickness skin wound healing and the expression of IGF-I, TGF-${\beta}$ and EGF in skin wounds, three groups of skin full-thickness rat models with a high concentration of antler ointment, a low concentration of antler ointment and without antler ointment were compared. At post-injury days 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, 32, 40 and 60, the skin wound area was measured, the expressions of IGF-I, TGF- ${\beta}$ and EGF mRNA were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and collagen formation by sirius red dye and the localization of IGF-I, TGF-${\beta}$ and EGF peptides were inspected by histological immunohistochemical techniques. Wound healing was significantly more rapid in antler treated skins. In addition, the wound treated with a high concentration antler ointment, a low concentration antler ointment, and the control closed completely at post-injury day 40, day 44 and day 60, respectively. Via RT-PCR, the expressions of IGF-I (day 8 and day 16), TGF-${\beta}$(day 8, day 16 and day 20) and EGF (day 4, day 8, day 16, and day 32) were obviously up-regulated in high concentration antler-treated skins compared to control skins. Similar results could be seen in the histological detection of collagen dye and immunohistochemical methods using the corresponding polyclone antibodies of IGF-I, TGF-${\beta}$ and EGF. These results illustrate that antlers stimulate and accelerate the repair of cutaneous wounds.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.102-104
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• 2003

Aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves of Canthium parviflorum were evaluated for wound healing and diuretic activities. Extract in the form of ointment is applied topically on excision wound in rats showed significant healing process as evidenced by increased rate of wound contraction as compared to control. The aqueous extract of 10% w/w ointment exhibited equivalent wound healing activity as Nitrofurazone oinment. Significant diuretic activity was exhibited by extracts. Graded dose response for both activities were observed for the extracts.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 1991

Six different O/W cream bases containing 4% ascorbic acid dipalmitate and two different O/W cream bases containing 1% ascorbic acid were prepared. Percutanceous absorption of ascorbic acid as well as safety were determined using rabbits. The stability of the creams was also tested at room temperature. Ascorbic acid concentrations in urines varied depending on the characteristics of cream bases used. The absorption of ascorbic acid was increased and sustained with the cream bases containing branched chain esters of fatty acid instead of natural oils used currently. The excretion level of ascorbic acid in urine was high with the cream base including nonionic surfactants and a small quantity of natural oils. The creams containing nonionic surfactants showed excellent stability, while those containing anionic surfactants were not stable in terms of pH, odor and coloring test at room temperature during six months. But, the two creams containing ascorbic acid were unstable. All the cream bases tested showed good safety.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.211-219
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• 2000

The therapeutic effect of AS2-006A, a derivative of asiaticoside, has been studied and is being developed as a new wound-healing agent. In the present study, the general pharmacological effects on 1) central nervous system, 2) autonomic nervous system, 3) respiratory system, 4) gastrointestinal system. 5) cardiovascular system. and 6) urinary system were assessed in experimental animals and in in vitro models. 1. In vivo animal study: External applications of the 1 % gel ointment of AS2-006A to rats at the doses of 200. 600 or 2000 mg/kg body weight showed no observable pharmacological effects. The effects on the central nervous system were assessed by observation of behavior, hexobarbital-induced sleeping time, pentetrazole-induced convulsion assay, body temperature measurements, and observations on spontaneous activity and catalepsy. The gel ointment exhibited no effects on the cardiovascular system (i.e. blood pressure and heart rate), renal physiology (i.e. urine volume and electrolytes excretion) and gas-trointestinal physiology (i.e. intestinal charcoal propulsion and gastric mucosal irritation). 2. In vitro experiments: The effects of AS2-006A on the physiology of smooth and cardiac muscles were assessed. Muscle contractions were isotonically and isometrically measured in organ chambers using a physiograph. Cumulative additions of AS2-006A (10$^{-9}$ -10$^{-5}$ M) induced no changes in the tension of isolated guinea pig ileum and tracheal muscles. AS2-006A only slightly increased contractility of rat atrial and papillary muscles at 10$^{-2}$ M, which was not statistically different from control. These data showed that the gel ointment of AS2-006A could be externally applied as a wound-healing agent with no potential side effects.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2006

고로쇠나무 수액채취시 천공으로 인한 수목의 피해 여부를 판단하기 위해 천공수별로 수액채취 후의 유합과정과 직경생장을 조사하였다. 유합은 조사기간 동안 천공 수 10개소인 임목이 천공 수 1 개소, 3개소, 5개소인 임목보다 빠르게 이루어졌으며 자연상태에서 천공은 15개월만에 모두 유합되었다. 천공 수별 직경생장은 각각 무처리가 0.54 mm, 1개소가 0.60 mm, 3개소가 0.64 mm, 5개소가 0.33 mm, 10개소가 0.31 mm로 나타났다. 유합재료별 유합과정은 DB도포제, 스티로폼, 무처리, 죽초액의 순으로 진행되었으며, DB도포제를 처리했을 경우의 천공은 4개월 만에 유합되는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 천공으로 인한 고로쇠나무의 피해를 최소화하고 지속적인 수액자원을 확보하기 위해서는 DB도포제를 이용하여 빠른 기간 내에 천공이 유합되도록 하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

Using a Rheometries Dynamic Analyzer (RDA II), the dynamic viscoelastic properties of a semi-solid ointment base (vaseline) in large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields were measured over a temperature range of $25{\sim}45^{\circ}C$ and the linear viscoelastic behavior in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields was investigated over a wide range of angular frequencies. In this article, the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior was reported from the experimentally obtained data and the effect of temperature on this behavior was discussed in detail. In addition, the angular frequency and temperature dependencies of a linear viscoelastic behavior were explained. Finally, the applicability of a time-temperature superposition principle originally developed for polymeric materials was examined using a shift factor. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows : (1) At very small strain amplitude region, vaseline shows a linear viscoelastic behavior independent of the imposed deformation magnitudes. Above a critical strain amplitude $({\gamma}_{0}=0.1{\sim}0.2%)$, however, vaseline exhibits a nonlinear viscoelastic behavior ; indicating that both the storage modulus and dynamic viscosity are sharply decreased with increasing deformation magnitude. (2) In large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, an elastic behavior (storage modulus) has a stronger strain amplitude dependence and begins to show a nonlinear behavior at a smaller strain amplitude region than does a viscous behavior (dynamic viscosity). (3) In small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, the storage modulus as well as the loss modulus are continuously increased as an increase in angular frequency and an elastic nature is always superior to a viscous behavior over a wide range of angular frequencies. (4) A time-temperature superposition principle can successfully be applicable to vaseline. This finding allows us to estimate the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of vaseline over an extraordinarily extended range (11 decades) of angular frequencies inaccessible from the experimentally measured range (4 decades).

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.233-239
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• 2016

This study was conducted to analyze penicillin G (PEG), streptomycin (STR) and neomycin (NEO) residues in milk of healthy lactating cows. Milk samples were collected from all four quarters of 12 dairy cows 2−7 days after intramammary infusions of an ointment containing PEG, STR and NEO once (n = 4; group I) or twice (n = 4, group II) daily. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine the antibiotic residues in the samples. The correlation coefficient ($r^2$) of the calibration curves for all antibiotics was > 0.999 and the limits of detection and quantification were $0.002-0.005{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.007-0.02{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Recovery rates were ranged from 75.5 to 92.3%. In group I, PEG, STR and NEO residues were detected in milk at 2, 3 and 2 days post-treatment, respectively, which were below the maximum residue limit (MRL). In group II, PEG, STR and NEO residues were detected in milk at 2, 3 and 3 days post-treatment, respectively, which were bellow the MRL. These results suggest that a 3-day for milk withdrawal period after the ointment treatment might be sufficient for reduction of the antibiotic residues below the MRL.