• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1162-1162
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• 2001

Whereas NIR spectroscopy has been applied in agriculture for more than 20 years, few studies refer to those plant substances occurring only in smaller amounts. Nevertheless there is a growing interest today to support efficiently activities in the production of high-quality medicinal and spice plants by this fast and non-invasive method. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to develop new NIR methods for the reliable prediction of secondary metabolites found as valuable substances in various plant species. First, sophisticated NIR methods were established to perform fast quality analyses of intact fennel, caraway and dill fruits deriving from single-plants [1]. Later on, a characterization of several leaf drugs and the corresponding fresh material has been successfully performed. In this context robust calibrations have been developed for dried peppermint, rosemary and sage leaves for the determination of their individual essential oil content and composition [2]. A specially adopted NIR method has been developed also for the analysis of carnosic acid in the leaves of numerous rosemary and sage gene bank accessions. Carnosic acid is an antioxidative substance for which several health promoting properties including cancer preservation are assumed. Also some other calibrations have been developed for non-volatile substances such as aspalathin (in unfermented rooibos leaves), catechins (in green tea) and echinacoside (in different Echinacea species) [3]. Some NIR analyses have also been successfully performed on fresh material, too. In spite of the fact that these measurements showed less accuracy in comparison to dried samples, the calibration equations are precise enough to register the individual plant ontogenesis and genetic background. Based on the information received, the farmers and breeders are able to determine the right harvest time (when the valuable components have reached their optimum profile) and to select high-quality genotypes during breeding experiments, respectively. First promising attempts have also been made to introduce mobile diode array spectrometers to collect the spectral data directly on the field or in the individual natural habitats. Since the development of reliable NIRS methods in this special field of application is very time-consuming and needs continuous maintenance of the calibration equations over a longer period, it is convenient to supply the corresponding calibration data to interested user via NIRS network. The present status of all activities, preformed in this context during the last three years, will be presented in detail.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.496-504
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• 1996

The study was conducted to obtain the basic information on increasing aromatic degrees by shading and organic matter application on Condonopsis lanceolata. The result were as followings : Fresh root wt. in shading 55 % treatment was increased about twices, whereas fresh root weight in non-shading was decreased. But growth of ground parts such as vine length, leaf width, and leaf number was promoted under non-shading treatment. Macroelements such as K, Ca, and Mg, were increased in non-shading and higher organic matter application. The components such as crude protein, fiber, and ash were increased in the shading 55% treatment compared with non-shading. In the sixteen amino acids, arginine contents were the highest in non-shading and organic matter 30M/T. Recovery yield of essential oil was 0.005% in non-shading. The highest was organic matter 30M/T in the non-shading as 0.007%. Major aromatic constituents were 11 kinds of aliphatic alcohols such as I-hexanol, cis-3-hexenol, and trans-2-hexanal. As a result, major aromatic degree was higher in shading 55%, also increased in the much organic matter application. It was considered to be applied dense shading 55% and much organic matters to produce Condonopsis lanceolata plants which have high aroma and good quality.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.213-224
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• 2020

This research conducted a component analysis and conservation treatment of "Sangryangmun," a material which had been written in 1965 and was discovered during the repair project for "Jinnamgwan" in Yeosu. The "Sangryangmun" has been stored in a cylindrical metal storage; however, defects, discolorations, hardening, and damages caused by pollutants were found. Based on the XRF analysis, rust in the cylindrical metal storage, which was made of Cu, was stuck on the surface of the "Sangryangmun". Using FT-IR and Pyrolysis-GC/MS analyses, carbonyl and compounds of fatty acids were detected; the organic material on the surface of the "Sangryangmun" was identified to have belonged to oil-based components. Therefore, it was presumed that the bast fibers of a mulberry was used in the paper. To determine the conservation materials, component analysis, condition survey, and preliminary test on adhesives were conducted. Moreover, the missing parts and partial linings were filled using mulberry-fiber paper, methyl cellulose, etc.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.178-186
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• 2020

Verdigris is a traditional artificial pigment reported on old research papers and according to the methods mentioned in the literature, it is manufactured by the corrosion of copper or copper alloys using vinegar and by further scraping the generated rust. Since the Three Kingdoms Period, various household products with copper alloys, such as bronze and brass, have been used, and pigment analysis of these cultural heritage items has revealed the presence of tin, zinc, lead, and copper in green pigments. Based on these data, five types of verdigris were prepared from copper and copper alloys, and analyzed. the analysis results revealed a bluish green pigmentation, and the chromaticity, particle shape, and oil absorption quantity of each verdigris differed based on the type of copper alloy used in its preparation. The main components of verdigris are Cu, Sn, Zn and Pb, and their proportions depended on the type of copper alloy used during manufacturing. However, the main constituent mineral of the pigments is the same as 'hoganite[Cu(CH₃COO)₂·H₂O]', regardless of the copper alloy used. The result of accelerated weathering test for stability evaluation revealed that verdigris was discolored rapidly, thereby indicating that its stability was low, in particular, the pigments comprising lead presented relatively lower stability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.689-697
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• 2020

Hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) may cause maritime incidents during marine transportation, which are liable to lead to a large amount of spillage or discharge into the sea. The damage to the marine environment caused by the HNS spill or discharge is known to be much greater than the damage caused by oil spill. Particularly dangerous is HNS, which is deposited or buried in the seabed, as it can damage the organisms that live on, in, and near the bottom of the sea, the so-called "benthos," forming the benthic ecosystem. Therefore, it is vital that the HNS deposited on the seabed be recovered. In order to do so, procedures and equipment are required for accurate detection, stabilization treatment, and recovery of HNS in subsea sediment. Thus, when developing a mechanical recovery system, the performance requirements should be selected using performance indices, and the conceptual design of the mechanical recovery system should be based on performance requirements decided upon and selected in advance. Therefore, this study was conducted to arrive at a conceptual design for a mechanical recovery system for the recovery of HNS deposited on the seabed. In the design of the system, based on the fundamental scenario, the method of suction foundation with the function of self enclosing was adopted for recovering the HNS sediment in the subsea sediment. The mechanical recovery system comprises the suction foundation, pollution prevention, a pump system, control system, monitoring device, location information device, transfer device, and tanks. This conceptual design is expected to be reflected and used in the basic design of the components and shapes of the mechanical recovery system.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

Purpose: The development of compact tractors that can be used in dry fields, greenhouses, and orchards for pest control, weeding, transportation, and harvesting is necessary. The development and performance evaluation of power transmission units are very important when it comes to tractor development. This study evaluates the performance of a driving power transmission unit of a 50 kW multi-purpose narrow tractor. Methods: The performance of the transmission and forward-reverse clutch, which are the main components of the driving power transmission unit of multi-purpose narrow tractors, was evaluated herein. The transmission performance was evaluated in terms of power transmission efficiency, noise, and axle load, while the forward-reverse clutch performance was evaluated in terms of durability. The transmission's power transmission efficiency accounts for the measurement of transmission losses, which occur in the transmission's gear, bearing, and oil seal. The motor's power was input in the transmission's input shaft. The rotational speed and torque were measured in the final output shaft. The noise was measured at each speed level after installing a microphone on the left, right, and upper sides. The axle load test was performed through a continuous equilibrium load test, in which a constant load was continuously applied. The forward-reverse clutch performance was calculated using the engine torque to axle torque ratio with the assembled engine and transmission. Results: The loss of power in the transmission efficiency test of the driving power unit was 6.0-9.7 kW based on all gear steps. This loss of horsepower was equal to 11-18% of the input power (52 kW). The transmission efficiency of the driving power unit was 81.5-89.0%. The noise of the driving power unit was 50-57 dB at 800 rpm, 70-77 dB at 1600 rpm, and 76-83 dB at 2400 rpm. The axle load test verified that the input torque and axle revolutions were constant. The results of the forward-reverse clutch performance test revealed that hydraulic pressure and torque changes were stably maintained when moving forward or backward, and its operation met the hydraulic design standards. Conclusions: When comprehensively examined, these research results were similar to the main driving power transmission systems from USA and Japan in terms of performance. Based on these results, tractor prototypes are expected to be created and supplied to farmhouses after going through sufficient in-situ adaptability tests.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.906-914
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• 2020

To investigate the usefulness of natural plants, physicochemical characteristics, functional components and physiological activities of dodder(Cuscuta australis R.Brown) were experimented. The extraction of dodder was carried out at 60℃ in shaking bath with 10 times of distilled water for three hours. Harmful metals such as lead, cadmium and arsenic were not detected, but the content of mercury from dodder was 0.0004ppm in acceptable standards. The extraction yield was 23.45%, total content of phenolics equivalent to gallic acid was 699.8 mg/100g and total content of flavonoid equivalent to naringin was 373.8 mg/100g. 28 kinds of free amino acids were detected with the contents of 252mg/100g in the dodder extract, and the contents of anserine and sarcosine were analysed highest in all amino acids. From the comparison of physiological activities of dodder extract with those of ascorbic acid, total reducing power, electron donating ability based on DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power was equivalent to 88%, 56% and 40%, respectively, of ascorbic acid. The nitrite scavenging activity of dodder extract was 78% of ascorbic acid on pH 1.5, but the antioxidant index of dodder on perilla oil was about 4 times greater than that of ascorbic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.723-732
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• 2020

The spent RHDS (Residue HydroDeSulfurization) catalyst is deactivated mainly by deposition of various contaminants such as coke, sulfur and vanadium on the surface of catalyst. To eliminate those contaminants, the following remanufacturing process was conducted. The first, heavy oil on the surface of the spent RHDS catalyst was removed by kerosene and dehydrated. The second, the high temperature incineration was carried out to eliminate coke and sulfur components deposited on the surface of spent RHDS catalyst. The third, the excessive quantity of Vanadium deposited on the surface of catalyst was removed by leaching process as follows: ultrasonic agitation was carried out at 50℃, for 10 seconds with 0.5% and 1% oxalic acid solution. The purpose of this process is to find out regenerated RHDS catalyst can be used as SCR catalyst for NOx reduction by controlling the vanadium residual content of the regenerated RHDS catalyst through leaching process. The composition of regenerated RHDS catalyst was analyzed by XRF and the NOx reduction efficiency was also measured by continuous catalytic fixed bed reactor. As the result, regenerated catalyst, with 0.5% oxalic acid, ultrasonic agitation in 10 seconds, showed the most stable NOx reduction efficiency. Also, in comparison with commercial SCR catalyst, the NOx reduction performance of regenerated catalyst was similar to that of commercial SCR catalyst at the temperature 375℃ and higher whereas was lower than commercial SCR catalyst at the temperature range between 200~250℃. Therefore, it was confirmed that the regenerated catalyst as powder form wash coated on the surface of metal corrugated substrate can be used for commercial SCR catalyst.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.331-339
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• 2015

This study were conducted the particle-size analysis on 57 blue pigments to understand the step distribution characteristics of blue pigments made out of Azurite by using Malvern's Mastersizer 2000. As the result, most of the conventional blue pigments in Korea, Japan, and Chinese showed good granularity step separation except for few, and the smaller the particle, the more the Span value increased and the wider the granularity distribution range. On the basis of Friedman and Sanders's Grain size, most of the pigments were sand size to silt size. 72.2% of B-100 was clay size and 2.5% of A-14 was gravel size. Even the same components can differ by the grain size directly affecting the important property such as color formation, oil absorption, specific gravity, usability, etc. so the information about the granularity distribution would be used for basic data to deal with natural pigments.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1992

Levels of total lipids in the seeds of three species of the Pinaceae family were determined and their fatty acid compositions were also analyzed by a gas-chromatograph equipped with a capillary column coated with Carbowax 20M. The results are summarized as follows: Lipid contents of the seeds amounted to 56.9% in P. koraiensis, 29.9% in P. thunbergii, and 21.2% in P. rigida. In all lipids 19${\sim}$20 fatty acid were detected and, surprisingly, fatty acids having ${\Delta}^5$-non-methylene interrupted conjugate double bond such as ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2},{\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}\;and\;{\Delta}^{5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}$ occurred in appreciable amounts. In the lipids of P. koraiensis, the main component was $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6(45.0%)$, followed by $C_18:1{\omega} _9(26.9%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(14.6%)$, and then ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2}(2.2%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}$ were also present. Levels of saturated fatty acid such as $C_{16:0}\;and\;C_{18:0}$ were as low as 7.5%. The seed oil of P. thunbergii predominantly comprised $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6(45.2%)$, and was then occupied by equal amounts ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(18.1%)$ and $C_{18:1}{\omega}_9(18.1%)$. Its ${\Delta}^5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}(5.8%)$ level was the highest in the samples tested. ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2}(2.8%)$ was also detected with other minor components. In the oils from the seeds of P. rigida, $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6$ was present as a main component, accompanied by $C_{18:1}{\omega}_9(21.6%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(20.3%)$. The latter showed higher level than in any other samples. A minor component corresponding to ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12, 15}-C_{18:4}$(not confirmed by GC-Mass) occurred in P. thunbergii and P. rigida.