• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.246-252
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• 2021

Among the engine components of an internal combustion engine, the valve train is a series of systems that supply intake gas to the combustion chamber and operate intake and exhaust valves that discharge exhaust gas. If excessive wear occurs in the valve train system, the suction and exhaust valves do not open and close on time, which leads to abnormal combustion and exhaust gas. In this study, we conduct experiments and analyses on friction and wear characteristics of the valve train system. Moreover, we experimentally study the correlation between the pinball and pinball cap on engine oil lubrication, friction experiment, wear amount analysis, and surface analysis. Specifically, we experiment using Ball on reciprocating tribo-tester and apply commercial engine oil sold on the market engine oil. We construct the experimental conditions for each new oil and oil. Accordingly, the completed specimen was subjected to a confocal microscope to check the wear volume, observe the surface of the specimen, and confirm the elemental components using a scanning microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersion X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Through this experiment, we analyze the friction and wear characteristics of valve train components according to engine oil grade, and the obtained data serve as an effective engine oil management method.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.295-299
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• 1996

Egg yolk oil was obtained from a roasting and Pressure egg yolks obtained from cage system, open barn system, respectively. Lipids in egg yolk oil were extracted with a mixture of chroform: methanol (2:1, v/v) and fractionated into neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid by silicic aicd column chromatography. Lipid components of each fraction were determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The results were sum- marized as follows: lipid content of egg yolk from each cage system (A) and open barn system (B) was 31. 05% and 33.34%, and the lipid is made up of neutral lipid 76.60%, 71.23%, glycolipid 3.95％, 5.03% and phospholipids 19.45%, 23.74% respectively. Triglycerides (A: 59.3%, B: 56.3%) were the major components among the neutral lipids; monoglycerides, diglycerides, free sterols, and free fatty acids were the minor cop- monents. The major components of the glycolipids were digalactosyl diglycerides (A: 98.3%, B: 97.8%), the other components were cerebrosides. The major components of the phophoslipids were phosphatidyl choline plus phosphatidyl serine (A: 58.6%, B: 59.8%) the other components were lecithin plus sphingomyelin.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.423-427
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• 1992

The volatile components were extracted from kumquat(Fortunella margarita) by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction method and fractionated on silica gel column. The total volatile oil was eluted off first by n-pentane and eluted again by diethyl ether. The total volatile oil and diethyl ether fraction were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. In the total volatile oil, 10 components were identified, of which major ones were limonene(96.5%, of total volatile oil), ${\beta}-pinene$(1.93%) and ${\alpha}-terpineol$(0.42%) and then the characteristic aroma of kumquat appeared to be due to limonene. On the other hand diethyl ether fraction, from which 46 components were identified, contained 9 alcohols, 22 terpenes and terpene alcohols, 7 aldehydes and ketones, 7 esters and 1 miscellaneous components. The major components were ${\alpha}-terpineol$(31.98% of diethyl ether fraction), ${\beta}-terpineol$(7.37%), geranyl acetate(9.69%) and p-menthadien-9-ol(4.12%).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.459-462
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• 2004

Essential oil components were analysed in forty seven individual plants of Elsholtzia splendens collected from eight different regions in Korea to identify their chemotypes. Major oil components of chemotype 1 was dihydrotagentone (75%) and naginataketone and elsholtziaketone were not detected at all. Chemotype 2 was naginataketone (NK) type which content was more than 60%. Chemotype 3 had more than 60% of elsholtziaketone (EK) as major volatile oil. EK type and NK type plants selected were maintained stably in their progenies after seed generation. Naginatketone and elsholtziaketone had functional properties such as antioxidation and antibacteria.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.159-164
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• 2005

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate characteristic variation of diluted engine oils in which contains diesel fuels and its tribological effects on engine components. In this study, diluted engine oils with $10\%,\;15\%,\;and\;20\%$ of initial fuel content rate have been used for measuring the viscosity reduction rate, blow-by gas increment rate, main gallery pressure reduction rate, and fuel content rate in engine oils. These parameters are strongly related to the tribological characteristics of key engine components. The kinematic viscosity of engine oils in which is contained by diesel fuels from $10\%\;to\;20\%$ in oils is decreasing to approximately $54\%$ of initial diluted fuel-oil volume ratios. The experimental results show that the distillated engine oil decrease the viscosity of engine oil and its oil film stiffness, and increase the wear rate of rubbing parts of engine components. Thus we recommend that the containing volume rate of fuels in engine oils should be restricted to $3\~4\%$ for a sophisticated Diesel engine and $5\~7\%$ for a standard one.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.88-100
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• 1994

A study on the recovery of useful components from waste tire. This study was carried out investigate the recovery of fuel oil condensed from gases formed in the pyrolysis of waste tire. Energy to require the pyrolysis of waste tire was used the heat that was produced by the combustion of the gases from the pyrolysis of waste tire itself. The results are as follows; 1. Energy to require forming the fuel oil by the pyrolysis of waste tire was used only 1/6 quantities of waste tire for forming fuel oil. 2. The formed fuel oil were light oil, Kerosene and gasoline 3. The pollutants of combustion gas of patronizable gases was lower than standard Value.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.481-488
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• 2000

This study was initiated in order to find alternative fuel substituting for light oil the most common fuel for heating greenhouse. The tire oil used in this research was produced by pyrolysis process, one of the final products besides steel string and carbon black in which waste tires as a form of chopped pieces broken by shredding machine are heated up to 200~30$0^{\circ}C$ with maximum restraining of oxygen supply. In order to justify light oil equivalent qualities in tire oil combustion characteristics were defined in the way of comparing kinetic viscosities in the wide range of temperature flame sizes and exhaust gas components in the various combustion conditions. We found that kinetic viscosity of tire oil was lower than light oil by 1 to 2 cSt in the temperature range showing better flowing mobility in the fuel line of the burner and no significant difference in flame size between the two oils in the all combustion treatments. However much more NO and SO$_2$ were detected from the exhaust gases of tire oil than light oil combustions. In fact tire oil contains more nitrogen and total sulfur, by 25 times and 40 times respectively than light oil according to the composition analysis. Tolerable limit for SO$_2$discharge amount defined by the national air pollution standards is under 540ppm so tire oil combustion satisfies the requirement though. It is desirable if sulfur and nitrogen filtering process shall be added in the tire oil production line. Except the exhaust gas components all greenhouse heating qualities of tire oil including hot air temperature are very identical to those of light oil.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.121-128
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• 2004

Objective : The aim of this work is to investigate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil obtained from Artemisia capillaris (A. capillaris), as the development of microbial resistance to antibiotics make it necessary to constantly look for new and active compounds effective against pathogenic bacteria. Methods : The crushed materials of A. capillaris (1 kg) were subjected to steam distillation for 3 h, using a modified Clevenger type apparatus in order to obtain essential oil. Diethyl ether was the extracting solvent kept at 25°.... The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The essential oil and the composition were tested for antimicrobial activities against 15 different genera of oral bacteria. Results and Conclusion : The components of the essential oil identified were: β-pinene (9.36%), camphor (3.32%), 1,8­cineole (4.38%), artemisia alcohol (3.32%), β-caryophyllene (11.08%), γ-cadinene (4.23%), and capillene (32.74%). The essential oil of A. capillaris exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all oral bacteria tested, while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.292-298
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• 2008

The volatile composition of Kiyomi peel oil cultivated in Korea was studied by using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The peel oil from the Kiyomi fruit was prepared by using a cold-pressing extraction method. Among the 65 components quantified in Kiyomi oil, 25 terpene hydrocarbons and 40 oxygenated compounds were identified, with peak weight percentages measuring 94.5% and 4.9%, respectively. Limonene was the predominant compound (87.5%), followed by myrcene (2.4%), sabinene (0.9%), $\alpha$-pinene (0.8%), $\beta$-sinensal (0.8%), (Z)-$\beta$-farnesene (0.7%), neryl acetate (0.6%), valencene (0.5%), $\alpha$-farnesene (0.5%), and $\alpha$-sinensal (0.5%). A unique characteristic of the volatile profile of the Kiyomi oil was the proportion of aldehydes (2.7%), which resulted from the relative abundance of $\alpha$- and $\beta$-sinensal. Another unique characteristic of the Korean Kiyomi oil was its relative abundance of $\beta$-sinensal, (Z)-$\beta$-farnesene, neryl acetate, valencene, $\alpha$-sinensal and nootkatone. Valencene and $\alpha$- and $\beta$-sinensal were regarded as the influential components of Korean Kiyomi peel oil.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.202-210
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• 2019

In order to maximize the utilization of sewage sludge, a waste from wastewater treatment facility, the residual sewage sludge generated after lipid and carbohydrate extraction for biodiesel and bioethanol production was used to produce bio-oil by pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that sludge pyrolysis mainly occurred between 200 and $550^{\circ}C$ (with peaks formed around 337.0 and $379.3^{\circ}C$) with the decomposition of the main components (carbohydrate, lipid, and protein). Bio-oil was produced using a micro-tubing reactor, and its yield (wt%, g-bio-oil/g-residual sewage sludge) increased with an increase in the reaction temperature and time. The maximum bio-oil yield of 33.3% was obtained after pyrolysis at $390^{\circ}C$ for 5 min, where the largest amount of energy was introduced into the reactor to break the bonds of organic compounds in the sludge. The main components of bio-oil were found to be trans-2-pentenoic acid and 2-methyl-2-pentenoic acid with the highest selectivity of 28.4% and 12.3%, respectively. The kinetic rate constants indicated that the predominant reaction pathway was sewage sludge to bio-oil ($0.1054min^{-1}$), and subsequently to gas ($0.0541min^{-1}$), rather than the direct conversion of sewage sludge to gas ($0.0318min^{-1}$).