• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.587-599
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare abdomen-fat rate, life style and social-support between normal weight women and obese women. Method: 304 women objectives from their 30 to 59 years of age were selected living in Je-chon city, Chung-Buck province and their height and weight were measured from April 1st to June 30th, 2003. Data were classified into low-weight group ($18.5kg/m^2$), normal-weight group ($18.5{\sim}22.9kg/m^2$), over weight group ($23{\sim}24.9kg/m^2$), and obese group ($25kg/m^2$) following the Korean Conference of Obesity, 2001. in which 119 people in the normal weight group and 91 people in the obese group, i.e. total 210 people were analyzed in sequence. Using SPSS Win 10.1 Program, frequency and percentile, and by ANOVA, $X^2-test$ and t-test were treated. Results: The average age of obese women was 46.68 distributing 40.7% of forties and 39.6% of fifties while normal-weight women were average 41.73-year old distributing 53.8% of forties and 34.5% of thirties, which revealed aged in obese women. The body fat rate of obese women averaged $37.52{\pm}4.17%$, in which 98.9% of obese women and 21.0% of normal weight women with a more than 30% of body-fat rate resulted in a higher body-fat rate in obese women. The waists of obese women averaged $88.37{\pm}8.22cm$, in which more than 85cm showed in obese women of 68.2% and normal weight women of 7.6% indicating a higher waist-fat rate in obese women. The abdomen-fat rate of more than 0.85 of waist vs hip-fat showed 74.7% in obese women and 58.4% in normal weight women, indicating a higher abdomen-fat rate in obese women. Obese women and normal weight women showed significant differences in education level, number of children, religion, menstrual status, and mother's weight. Especially, obese women ate hotter or saltier food than normal weight women preferring meat. However, no significant differences appeared in marital status, social economic status. occupation. eating habits. smoking. drinking and physical exercise. Social support levels showed a lower rate in obese women than in normal weight women, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Observing areas of social support, obese women showed lower rates in attachment/intimacy, social integrity, opportunity of foster and confidence in value except help and instruction, which indicated a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Social support for obese women showed significant differences in age, education level, social hierarchy, religion and menstrual status. Obese women were more negative than normal weight women in health recognition, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<.01). Normal weight women showed higher health recognition when provided high social support and significantly low (p<.01) health recognition when provided low social support. However, there was no significant difference in health recognition in obese women whether high or low social support was given. The health recognition of obese women showed significant differences in age, education level, social hierarchy, number of children, menstrual status, physical exercise, eating habits, eating taste and preference of food. Conclusion: Obese women showed elder than normal-weight women, higher body-fat rate and abdomen-fat rate, lower social support, and a tendency to more negative health recognition. Therefore, providing weight-control programs for the treatment of obesity and prevention of recurrence for obese women to prevent progressing to adult disease and promote a healthy life, we suggest that better eating habits and the encouragement of regular physical exercise should be included, as well as total approachment on change of health recognition and social support would be needed.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.449-459
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is investigate the feature of the body shape of obese males and to propose a new apparel sizing system considering the body size of obese men through an the analysis of the body measurement of obese men in their twenties as reported in the 'Fifth Korean National Physical Standard Reports'. For this study, a new apparel sizing system for casual wear was proposed for obese men in their twenties after a body measurement of 159 obese men in their 20s with a BMI of 25 and over as reported in the 'Fifth Korean National Physical Standard Reports' conducted by SIZEKOREA. This study sought to investigate the features of obese men's bodies by comparing the body shape between obese men and ordinary men. The result of shows that width, depth and circumference items influencing the width size when producing clothes are larger in the case of an obese body shape than an ordinary body shape, and that the stature, total length, arm length and outside leg length influencing the length size are similar between an obese body shape and an ordinary body shape. Therefore, it was confirmed that an apparel sizing system specializing in clothes for obese customers is required. As a result of this study of the features of body shape, the control dimensions for such an apparel sizing system were determined to be the stature and chest circumference of upper garments and the stature and waist circumference(omphalion) for lower garments. The interval between the sizes was 5cm for the stature and was irregular for the chest and waste circumference. Consequently, 8 sizes were proposed for upper garments and 9 sizes were proposed for lower garments.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.19-31
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• 2002

Purpose : This study examines the differences in self-efficacy and health promoting behavior between obese students and normal weight students by gender; it tries to obtain basic data for the health guidance of obese students. Methods : Data were collected from 360 students (90 normal weight males, 90 obese males, 90 normal weight females, 90 obese females) using questionnaires about general characteristics, self-efficacy, and health promoting behavior. There were analyzed with descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation), and a x$^2$ test, ANCOVA, and a Pearson's correlation of coefficient at the 0.05 significance level by using the SAS (version 8.01) Win Program. Results : The score of self-efficacy appears that in the case of boys, obese students are significantly lower than their normal weight counterparts (F=25.85, p=<.0001), while in the case of girls there is no significant difference between the two groups (F=.01, p=.9118). The score of health promoting behavior appears that in the case of boys, obese students are significantly lower than their normal weight counterparts (F=28.61, p=<.0001), while in the case of girls there is no significant difference between the two groups (F=1.25, p=.2643). The relation of self-efficacy and health promoting behavior shows a statistically significant correlation in all cases: obese boys (r=.69, p=<.0001), normal weight boys (r=.51, p=<.0001), obese girls (r=.67, p=<.0001), and normal weight girls (r=.49, p=<.0001). Conclusions : An evaluation study needs to see whether a program to encourage the self-efficacy of obese boys can be effective in health promoting behavior or weight control in the long run. As in this study more than half of the obese girls have mild-level obesity, a follow-up study should be conducted to examine the self-efficacy and health promoting behavior between middle or highly obese students and normal weight students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.547-552
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• 2013

This study compared the nutrient intake of obese versus non-obese non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients for Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy. The study was conducted at medical hospitals in Gyeonggi and Seoul from April 2009 to November 2009. Fifty-six adult male NIDDM patients were enrolled and divided into two groups: 36 into an obese group (BMI ${\geq}25$) and 20 into a non-obese group (BMI<25). To conduct this study, anthropometric measurements, and daily nutrient intake of obese and non-obese NIDDM patients were measured. Daily nutrient intake was estimated by 24hr-recall and analyzed by the CAN program. In the results, anthropometric measurements of the two groups showed significant differences in weight and BMI (p<0.001). Daily nutrient intake of the two groups showed no significant differences, except for vitamin E intake (p<0.05). The total energy intake of the non-obese and obese groups were $2,669.9{\pm}964$ kcal and $2,555.4{\pm}803$ kcal, respectively, which were both above 113% of the recommended Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRIs). Cholesterol and sodium intake were $378.1{\pm}215.6$ mg and $6,478.9{\pm}2755.1$ mg, respectively for the non-obese group. Cholesterol and sodium intake were $308.1{\pm}155.6$ mg and $6,306.8{\pm}2788.9$ mg, respectively, for the obese group. Both groups were above 150% of the recommended levels set by the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA). However, their antioxidant nutrient intake was appropriate. Meanwhile, their fiber intake was $10.7{\pm}5.1$ g and $9.8{\pm}5.2$ g, respectively, which was lower than 40% of the recommended intake set by the KDA. The results show that the nutritional education for obese and non-obese NIDDM male patients must aim to reduce total energy, cholesterol, and sodium intake, while increasing fiber intake. In addition, the factors related to a patient's glycosylated hemoglobin, serum lipids, blood pressure, and weight change must be calibrated for the appropriate energy, fat, cholesterol, sodium, and dietary fiber intake.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.79-99
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• 1995

The survey was done on 30 cases of obese patients who were treated by fasting therapy in the Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, oriental medical hospital in Won Kwang University from May 1995 to August 1995. The results are as follows: 1. The ratio of females to males was 1:14. The distribution was 20th decades (63%), 30th decade(13%), 10th decade(6.7%), and 40th decade(6.7%). 2. In the age of obese-prevalence, the middle to high school years was the highest number as 12 persons(40%). The 20th decade(23.3%) and 30th decade(13.3%) were the second and third highest frequency of subjects. 3. In the obesity index, 150% of ideal weight was the highest percentage with persons(40%). 120-129%(30%), 130-139%(23.3%) and 140-149%(6.7%) were in order of frequency. 4. In the family histories of obese patients, it was found that hypertension had a high incidence of 8 persons. Other evidences of family histories were DM (7), cancer (3) and CVD (2). In hereditary tendency of obese parents, it was known that hereditary tendency of obese mothers was high at 14 persons, that of obese fathers was 5 persons, and that of obese parents was 2 persons. 5. In identifying the cause of obesity, it was found that changes of diet patterns was high at 24 persons(80%). Pregnancy, birth and diseases were in order of cause. 6. The review of consumption showed that obese patients ate the same amount as non-obese persons in the case of 21 patients(70%), 8 patients(26.7%) ate more than non-obese persons and 1 person(3.3%) ate less than persons of the same ages. 7. Obese patients consumption of daily snacks was 10 persons(33%). 17 person(57%) of the obese patients ate midnight snacks every 3-4 days. 11 persons(37%) of the obese patients ate out every 3 - 4 days. 8. For the purpose of weight reduction, 15 patients(50%) used exercise. Fasting therapy(36.7%) and food restriction(33.3%) were the second and third methods used by obese patients. 9. In the relation of constitution medicine usage with obese patients, TAE-EUM-IN was 14 persons(46.7%), SO-EUM-IN was 11 persons(36.7%), and SO-YANG-IN was 5 persons(l6.7%).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.453-458
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic syndrome (MS) risk factor prevalence by obesity and age in middle-aged women. Method: Two hundred and fifty-one subjects were recruited from the health promotion center of a tertiary care hospital in an urban city. MS was defined by the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults(Adult Treatment Panel III)(ATP III), and obesity was determined by body mass $index(BMI){\geq}25kg/m^2$. Results: The mean blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were significantly higher in the obese group than in the non-obese group. The prevalence of MS, hypertension, and impaired fasting glucose were significantly higher in the obese group than in the non-obese group. In the forties, blood pressure was significantly higher in the obese group than in the non-obese group. In the fifties, body fat, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were significantly higher in the obese group than in the non-obese group. Conclusions: These results show that the nurse should focus on the obese fifty year old female patients for improvement of the MS risk factors.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.256-262
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• 2008

This study was carried out to compare the hair mineral status of obese, over-weighted and non-obese individuals, to gather basic data for customizing menu development and to create an education manual for the obese persons. Food preferences or various disease states could be suggested by different mineral patterns in TMA(tissue mineral analysis). The results indicated that Zn status was considerably lower in the obese individuals than in the non-obese(p<0.001) whereas hair Na(p<0.0001), K(p<0.01) and Fe(p<0.05) were at significantly higher levels in the obese individuals. The ratio of Ca/K(p<0.001) was significantly lower in the obese than in the non-obese. But the levels of hair toxic minerals such as Sb, As, Hb, Al et al. were not differ according to BMI groups. The obtained data demonstrate the changes of hair mineral content in both overweight and obese individuals thus suggesting metabolic mineral disturbance in those groups.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.202-213
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the cephalometric measurements of obese and non-obese Korean male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA). Methods: Eighty-seven adults who had visited the Sleep Disorder Clinic Center in Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea were examined and evaluated with polysomnography (PSG) and lateral cephalogram. They were divided into 4 groups (non-obese simple snorers, obese simple snorers, non-obese OSA patients, obese OSA patients) according to AHI (Apnea-Hypopnea Index) and BMI (Body Mass Index). Results: The obese OSA group had the highest AHI among the 4 groups. The non-obese OSA group had a significantly steeper mandibular angle and shorter tongue length than the obese OSA group. The hyoid bone of the obese OSA group was positioned anterior and inferior as compared with the non-obese OSA group. Multiple regression analysis showed that tongue length in the obese OSA group and retroposition of hyoid bone in the non-obese OSA group were significant determinants for the severity of AHI. Conclusions: From a cephalometric point of view, the obese and non-obese pateints with OSA may be characterized by different pathogeneses. Therefore, they have to be managed by individualized treatment. For the obese OSA patients, weight control must be advised as a first choice and for the non-obese OSA patients, oral appliance, nasal CPAP, UPPP and others could be chosen according to the obstructive sites.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.832-845
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of exercise therapy on serum lipid levels and antioxidants of obese and normal college female students. The subject group composed of ten normal-weight students(below 30% body fat ratio) and ten obese students(above 30% body fat ratio). After a pilot test, the subjects were given an eight-weeks exercise program. Before and after the exercise program, the subjects were given test for serum lipid and antioxidants were analyzed. The SAS program was used in the data analysis. The statistical measurements employed here were T-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test. The results of this research are as follows. 1) The effects of exercise therapy on serum lipid levels : Before the exercise therapy, the levels of Total-cholesterol, Triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol of the obese group were highier than those of the normal-weight group. However, the HDL-cholesterol levels were highier in the normal-weight group than in the obese group, but these differences were not significant. With the exercise therapy, the levels of Total-cholesterol increased gradually. The HDL-cholesterol increased gradually, the LDL-cholesterol level decreased in both groups, However, the Triglyceride level decreased in the obese group and increased in normal group, but the difference was not significant. 2) The effects of the exercise therapy on serum antioxidants ; Before exercise therapy, the serum FR and GSSG levels of the obese group were significantly highier than those of the normal-weight group(p=0.00, p=0.04). The serum GSH level of the normal-weight group was highier than that of the obese group, and the serum MDA level of the obese group was highier than that of the normal-weight group. Again these differences were not significant. With exercise therapy, serum FR level was reduced and serum GSSG level significantly increased in both group(obese group p=0.01, normal-weight group p=0.01), The serum GSH level of the obese group significantly increased (p=0.01), and serum MDA level significantly increased in the obese group(p=0.01), but the difference in the normal-weight group was not significant. These results show that regular exercise therapy reduces serum FR levels and activation of antioxidant systems, and suppress oxidative stress. These effects were slightly highier in the obese group than in the normal-weight group. The regular exercise therapy decreased the serum Triglyceride levels more in the obese group than in the normal-weight group. However the improvement of the serum lipid profile may require a longer exercise period than eight weeks. The results show that the exercise therapy was overall more effective in the obese group than the normal-weight group.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.626-633
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the eating habits of obese elementary school students residing in Iksan city, in June 2006 using 1167 participants(obese: 233, normal weight: 934). The results are summarized as follows. The average age was 12 years-old in both the obese and normal weight groups. The average BMI, ideal body weight and obesity index in the obese and normal weight groups were $24.8kg/m^2$, 39.8 kg, and 32.5% and $18.2kg/m^2$, 37.7 kg and -1.4%, respectively. Regarding the number of subject who acknowledged their physical build, the obese group was highest(88.9%) in stating obese or extremely obese, while the normal group was highest(71.5%) in stating they were normal weight. For the frequency of eating breakfast, the obese group the results were: "eating it everyday"(69.1%) and $"3{\sim}4\;times/week"$ (13.7%), while in the normal weight group, the highest response was "eating it everyday"(75%) and the lowest response was "never eat it"(4.1%). In terms of having breakfast with someone, there were slight differences for eating alone between the obese group(17.4%) and normal group(12.4%) and also between the obese group(19.6%) and normal group (39.6%) for eating with parents. There were considerable gaps in the association of eating habits with weight such as having irregular meals in the obese group(52.4%) and having regular meals in the normal group(61.1%). The frequency of having snacks was different by the rate of obesity, where 65.9% of the obese group, and 57.8% of the normal group had snacks more than once. There were significant differences in the practice of controlling intake with the obese group at 77.3% and the normal group at 36.3%. There were high numbers regarding eating more than average in stressful times for both the obese group(10.3%) and normal group(7.7%). The results of this study show the prevalence of obesity in Iksan, and proper nutrition education is currently needed. Moreover, the greater the level of obesity, the higher the frequency of skipping breakfast, eating alone, and eating irregular meals, and the more experience in attempting to control weight. To resolve the problems triggered by inappropriate food habits, proper food and eating methods to control weight should be included in nutrition education programs for elementary students.