• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.272-280
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• 2013

This study aims to develop a standard diagnostic table for management and administration that oak mushroom cultivators of forestry households can utilize. By diagnosing their current level of management with the table, the cultivators themselves will be able to grasp and address their operational challenges better. The table is composed of; questions on the status of forestry households; columns for a series of management performance indices, and; questionnaire with 4 categories and 20 subcategories to check the current level of management and administration by the households. In order to prepare the standard diagnostic table for oak mushroom management, 196 forestry households throughout 10 areas - Cheong-yang, Gong-ju, Bu-yeo and Seocheon in Chungcheongnam-do, Mun-kyung and Ye-cheon in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jin-an in Jeollabuk-do, Jangheung and Jang-seong in Jeollanam-do, and Jeju Islands - were interviewed with and a total of 190 questionnaires were acquired and made use of in the result analysis. Then, the score on management level of each forestry household was determined in the way of aggregating scores from each subcategory. The overall average score of every household was calculated at 62.2 point with more than half of the respondents, 54.7%, belonging to the range of 60 to 80. When considered by regional groups, the average score of Jin-an was the lowest with 57.6 point while that of Jang-seong was the highest with 69.6 point. In case of the 'cultivation management' category, there were a lot of cultivators who expressed a negative awareness of the term 'pest control' because they had a tendency to think the term in connection with 'herbicides or pesticides'. So it is inevitable to adapt and modify existing groups and grades to make sure that the cultivators can make a right choice without confusing the concept 'pest control' with 'herbicides or pesticides'. Meanwhile, the average scores of 'management and administration' categories were mostly low. It was remarkable in these categories that forestry households in Jeolla province, which had remained in lower ranks in the other three categories, recorded higher scores than those in Chungcheong province, boasting a relatively high level of management and administration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.434-442
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• 2015

The process of cultivation and production of oak mushroom (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) on sawdust surface beds were investigated. Sawdust surface bed cultivation is the method by which oak mushrooms are cultured and produced on sterilized sawdust surface bed without using bags. The bed was made by inoculating with 3 to 1 ratio of bed sawdust to oak mushroom mycelial inoculum. The sawdust bed medium with 65% water content was pasteurized at $65^{\circ}C$, inoculated with sawdust spawn and spread on the surface on vinyl film in cultivation shed. During 78 days of cultivation period, water content in the medium varied from 61 to 72%, its pH decreased from 5.6 to 3.9~4.6 and ergosterol concentration increased to $0.33{\sim}0.59{\mu}g/g$. $CO_2$ concentration in the medium rapidly increased to 8.06% in two weeks. In seven weeks the medium surface started browning and $CO_2$ concentration increased to about 5.63%. Until 11th week the $CO_2$ concentration was maintained at 6~7%. After removing the plastic cover on the bed for ventilation in 12 weeks, $CO_2$ within the bed reduced dramatically to 1.5%. In the cultivation shed the internal temperature was $7.1{\sim}29^{\circ}C$ and humidity was 27.3 to 100%, while bed temperature ranged $11.6{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. Oak mushroom fruiting started from late July, in 120 days after bed establishment in late March and continued for approximately 100 days until early December with eight cycles of irrigation treatment. The mushroom yield of the eight cycles were 288~352 kg during the 1st (7/29~8/4) to 3rd cycle (9/3~9/7), 800 kg at the 4th cycle (9/19~9/24), 1,296~1,853 kg during 5th (10/3~10/8) to 7th cycle (4.11~11/9) and 990 kg at 8th cycle (11/23~12/7). Total production was approximately 7.4 tons from 33.0 tons of oak sawdust medium, thus harvest efficiency of the mushroom production was approximately 22.4%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.1
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• pp.113-123
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• 2001

The main purpose of this study was to provide information on attenuation effects in forest tree belt of pine stand and oak stand. The relationships between DBH, tree height, clear length, crown area and number of trees and also between distance from noise origin, landslope etc. were analysed by correlation and multiple regression. The results obtained were as follows : 1. There was no difference between pine stand and oak stand in effecting noise attenuation. 2. The noise pressure was highly correlated with all of seven elements tested and both DBH and distance from noise origin have higher r-values than the others. For the pine stand, it was 0.9133 in DBH and 0.9630 in the distance and for the oak stand, 0.9296 in DBH and 0.9565 in the distance. 3. The optimum regression equation for pine stand and oak stand were made by combination of two variables (DBH and distance). The table of noise attenuation was made by optimum regression equation. In the case of pine stand, the attenuation ratio was 29% at 5m, 31.6~32.6% at 10m, 38.3~39.8% at 20m and 45.2~46.6% at 30m. And case of oak stand, the attenuation ratio was 29% at 5m, 31.6~34.2% at 10m, 38.6~41.4% at 20m and 45~47.2% at 30m. 4. As the noise pressure limit at the Urban housing area according to environmental laws is under 55dB, it is suggested by the table of noise attenuation that the distance, and DBH for the pine and oak stand are over 20m, 400cm and 30-35 trees, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.325-331
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• 2018

We aimed to increase the utility of Broussonetia kazinoki (paper mulberry) by using its woody parts as a substrate for Lentinula edodes cultivation. Using different mixing ratios of paper mulberry and oak tree sawdust, five types of column-type media were prepared (1.2 kg each). Two L. edodes strains (NIFoS 2462 and NIFoS 2778) were used in this study. In the first flush, numerous small mushrooms were harvested because the fruited mushrooms were densely packed on the small media. The highest productivity was obtained with a 3:1 mixture of paper mulberry and oak tree sawdust (Q. acutissima:Q. mongolica, 1:1). In particular, for NIFoS 2462, the proportion of paper mulberry in the medium positively correlated with productivity. The size of NIFoS 2778 was uniform in all media tested. By contrast, the mushroom weight of NIFoS 2462 decreased, but the other characteristics were not significantly affected. Collectively, these findings suggest that B. kazinoki sawdust could be used to grow shiitake mushrooms and that some oak sawdust substitution is also possible. Our results could increase the utility of discarded by-products, such as sawdust.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.4
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• pp.530-537
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• 2022

This study was conducted to compare the physical and chemical properties of soils in Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, and Q. variabilis stands. A total of 423 plots (Q. acutissima 72 plots, Q. mongolica 150 plots, Q. serrata 97 plots, and Q. variabilis: 104 plots) were examined to determine the soil properties of A and B horizons throughout the country. The physical and chemical properties of soils were significantly different among the four different Quercus spp. stands. The sand content in both horizons was significantly higher in Q. acutissima stands than in the other three oak stands, whereas the clay content was lowest among the four stands. The soils in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata stands were more acidified than those in Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis stands. The concentrations of organic carbon and total nitrogen in both soil depths were significantly higher in Q. mongolica stands than in Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, and Q. acutissima stands. The content of available phosphorus was significantly higher in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata stands than in Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis stands; whereas the contents of exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium were lower in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata stands than in Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis stands. The cation exchange capacity was highest in Q. mongolica stands, followed by that in Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, and Q. acutissima stands. These data indicate the need to design a nutrient management plan to enhance the low soil pH and exchangeable cation in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata stands.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.389-399
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• 1998

this study was focused on the effects of fire on spatial change of vegetation landscape in rural region. Fire types recognized as erown fire, severe surface fire and light surface fire in order of increasing intensity were described in a fire map. GIS was introduced to understand the relationship between fire types and topographic conditions or vegetation types. We also investigated land-use type and regeneration strategies after burning. Fire intensity depended on topographic conditions and vegetation types. Special land-use type in this area was collection of edible mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake). Mushrooms had been obtained from Pinus densiflora forests existing as edaphic climax or managed artificially. Regeneration strategy in burned areas was to make sprouts from burned oak stumps. A higher density and growth rate of sprouts, as compared to those on unburned areas, facilitated vegetation succession from P. densiflora forest to oak forest and consequently led to change of landscape pattern.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1307-1309
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• 2003

The EO-1 spacecraft, launched November 21, 2000 into a sun synchronous orbit behind Landsat 7, hosts advanced technology demonstration instruments, whose capabilities are currently being assessed by the user community for future missions. A significant part of the EO-1 program is to perform data comparisons between Hyperion, ALI and Landsat 7 ETM+. In this paper, a comparison of forest classification results from Hyperion, ALI, and the ETM+ of Landsat-7 are provided for Wangqing Forest Bureau, Jilin Province, Northeast China. The data have been radiometrically corrected and geometrically resampled. Feature selection and statistical transforms are used to reduce the Hyperion feature space from 86 channels to 14 features. Classes chosen for discrimination included Larch, Spruce, Oak, Birch, Popular and Mixed forest and other landuses. Classification accuracies have been obtained for each sensor. Comparison of the classification results shows : Hyperion classification results were the best, ALI's were much better than ETM+.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 1995

The variations of the soil texture, $SiO_2$ /$Al_2$$O_3$ ratio, buffer action, exchangeable base, ex-changeable hydrogen, and mineral nutrients were investigated to estimate the grade of the soil fertility of the soil derived from the different parent rocks such as the granite in Kwangnung and the basalt in Chejudo. The results investigated were showed as follows : Basalt soils in Chejudo belong to sandy clay, light clay and sandy clay loam, while gramite soils in Kwangnung sandy loam. The $SiO_2$ /$AI_2$$O_3$ ratio of the grassland in Chejudo was 1.11 and that of the oak forest soils was 1.24, while granite soils in Kwangnung 1.54 and 1.46, respectively. The buffer actions of ba-salt soils against the N /10 HCI and $Ca(OH)_2$ were stronger than those of granite soils. The $SiO_2$/$Al_2$$O_3$ + $Fe_2$$O_3$ ratios of grassland and oak forest soils of basalt in Chejudo showed 1.10 and 1.24 respectively, while those of the grassland and oak forest of Kwangnung 1.44 and 1.33. The base exchange capacity of basalt soils which has higher value of exchangeable hydrogen was stronger than that of granite soils. But the base saturation of granite soils showed higher value than that of basalt soils. Water contents of basalt soils in Chejudo was lower than that of granite soils fo Kwangnung Basalt soils in Chejudo contain still more humus and total nitrogen than gran-ite soils in kwangnung, The amount of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable calcium of granite soils were more than that of basalt soils, Therefore, estimating the soil fertility, granite soils in Kwangnung is higher than that of basalt soils in Chejudo.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 2015

The study investigates herbage communities along the altitudinal gradient in northwest Himalaya and highlights the effect of trees on its understory floristic diversity and phytosociology. The study was conducted in nine forests at three elevations viz., chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), mixed and khair (Acacia catechu) forests at elevation $E_1$ (850-1150 m), chir pine, mixed and ban oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) forests at elevation $E_2$ (1151-1600 m) and ban oak, mixed and chir pine forests at elevation $E_3$ (>1600 m) in a sub-watershed located in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh, India. These were compared grasslands located adjacent to forests. In all, 20 grass, 3 sedge, 2 forb and 4 legume species were recorded in study sites. Jaccard's coefficient of herbage vegetation was highest between chir pine forests and grasslands, and lowest in khair and ban oak forests. TWINSPAN dendrogram of herbage composition exhibited three subtypes with Apluda mutica, Arundinella nepalensis and Dichanthium annulatum as indicator species. Three groups of plant communities were identified on the basis of their moisture requirement. Peak density and basal area of herbage in forests and grasslands occurred by September. Density and basal area of herbage in grasslands at different elevations ranged from 649.6 to $1347.9tillers/m^2$ and 30.0 to $65.7cm^2/m^2$, respectively, while, in forests it varied from 351.2 to $1005.3tillers/m^2$ and 14.9 to $43.9cm^2/m^2$, respectively. Density and basal area of the herbage in plant communities decreased along the elevation. Under trees in forests the density of herbage decreased up to 77% and basal area up to 62% of their respective values in grasslands.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.414-425
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• 2011

The aim of this research is to infer paleovegetation and paleoclimate in the Hwajeon archeological site of Gwangju city during mid-Holocene through the analysis of pollen, waterlogged woods, and sediments. Between 8200 ~ 6800 years ago, relatively dry climate resulted in a weakened dominance of oak and high diversity of tree genus. During the Holocene climatic optimum period (6800 ~ 5900 years ago), oak forests expanded while wetland areas diminished as warm/humid climate intensified. Between 5900 ~ 4700 years ago, the entire forest area as well as oak climax forests was reduced due to a relatively cool/dry climate. However at the end of this period, oak forests expanded since a favorable climate condition temporarily resumed. Lastly, between 4700 ~ 3300 years ago, oaks dominated but alders were weakened. The density of forest was low because of a relatively dry climate in this period.