• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.21-25
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• 1988

The rumen degradability of rice straw (untreated, urea-sprayed, urea-treated), grasses (Panicum maximum, Pennisetum clandestinum) and rice bran was compared. The mean in vivo organic matter digestibility of the untreated (US), urea-supplemented (SS) and urea-ammonia treated (TS) rice straw were 50.9, 53.9 and 57.4%, respectively. Rice bran contained extremely high levels of acid-insoluble ash (25.2% DM), and its OMD was 36.1%. Grasses had OMD values around 66%. Degradability measurements were performed with buffaloes using the nylon bag technique. The organic matter (OM) disappearance data were fitted to an model which was used to describe degradation pattern. The mean potentially degradable fraction for US, SS and TS was 61.5, 61.9 and 69.4%, respectively. Urea-ammonia treatment increased both the amount of OM degraded and the rate at which it was degraded in the rumen. Both grasses had similar values for degradable fraction (around 65%) and for rate constant for degradation (0.04). Rice bran contained high proportions of readily soluble material (23.9%), but the degradable OM fraction was only 13.2%. The low quality of rice bran is attributed to the contamination of rice hulls during processing.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.593-598
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• 1997

The changes of tissue structure in timothy and alfalfa during ensiling process with silage additives; lactic acid bacteria, cellulase and formic acid, were observed with a video microscope. Stem samples were obtained from the second internode, and cut to divide into 2 pieces. One piece was for observation of ensiled material and the other was for silage. The latter piece was put into a nylon cloth bag, and ensiled with grass for 50 days in a small experimental silo Lignification of the plant tissues was checked by acid phloroglucinol. Natural silage fermentation resulted in some degradation of less lignified parenchyma in both plant species. However, lignified sclerenchyma and vascular bundles remained intact. The cellulase enhanced the degradation of parenchyma tissue, while the formic acid suppressed the degradation. The effect of lactobacillus was small. The percentage of remained cross sectional area of stem and the loss of NDF and ADF by silage fermentation confirmed the observation. High negative correlations were obtained between the remained area and loss of fibrous components during silage fermentation in both plants, and between the loss of fibrous components and in vitro dry matter digestibility in timothy but not in alfalfa.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

The objective of this experiment was to compare the effect of pH-regulated alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment of rice straw with those of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and anhydrous ammonia ($NH_3$) treatments on in sacco digestivility. Three non-lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were fed a diet containing 90% forage and 10% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. The AHP treatment significantly (p<0.05) reduced acid detergent lignin content of the straw, resulting in significant (p<0.05) increase of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose concentrations. Disappearance rates of DM and NDF of the straw significantly (p<0.05) increased at the incubation time of 24 h. On the other hand, those of ADF and cellulose were significantly (p<0.05) higher at the incubation time of 12 h than those of the others. The effective degradability of DM(EDDM), NDF(EDNDF), ADF(EDADF) and cellulose (EDCE) were determined using in sacco nylon bag technique on the basis of 0.05/h solid outflow rate. The greater differences (p<0.05) of EDDM, EDNDF, EDADF and EDCE were found between AHP treated straw and the others. In general, AHP treatment of the straw recorded higher digestion coefficients than untreated straw as well as NaOH and $NH_3$ treated straws. The results of this study demonstrate that AHP treatment can be used as a effective method for improving the nutritive value of rice straw for ruminants.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.302-306
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• 1981

Aorticopulmonary window is a rare anomaly among congenital heart disease. Various terms have been suggested including A-P window, A-P fenestration, fistula, aorticseptal defect etc. The defect lies usually between the left side of the ascending aorta and right wall of the pulmonary artery just anterior to the origin of the right main pulmonary artery. We have experienced one case of aorticopulmonary septal defect which was diagnosed as V5D with pulmonary hypertension in 1 4/12 year old, 7.2 Kg, male patient. Operation was done under the hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass using 5t. Thomas cardioplegic solution. Vertical right ventriculotomy over the anterior wall of RVOT revealed no defect in the ventricular septum, and incision was extended up to the main pulmonary artery to find the source of massive regurgitation of blood through MPA. Finger tip compression of the aorticopulmanary window was replaced with Foley bag catheter balloon, and the $7{\times}10$ mm aorticoseptal defect located 15mm above the pulmonic valve was sutured continuously wih 3-0 nylon suture during azygos flow of cardiopulmonary cannula which was located distal to the window resulted massive air pumping systemically, and temporary reversal of pumping was tried to minimize cerebral air embolism. Remained procedure was done as usual, and pump off was smooth and uneventful. Postoperatively, patient was attacked frequent opistotonic seizure with no recovery sign mentally and p.hysically. Vital signs were gradually worsen with peripheral cyanosis and oliguria, and cardiac activity was arrested 1485 minutes after operation. Autopsy was performed to find the sutured window and massive edema of the brain.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품저장유통학회 2003년도 제23차 추계총회 및 국제학술심포지움
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• pp.139.2-139
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• 2003

The packaging and irradiation effects on the volatile compounds of red pepper powder were investigated. The red pepper powder (Capsicum annuum) was prepackaged in vacuum (PE/Nylon film bag), and irradiated with the dose of 0, 3, 5 or 7 kGy at 0$^{\circ}C$. The odor of irradiated red pepper powder was classified into 4 groups (0, 3, 5, and 7 kGy) by electronic nose using metal oxide sensors, and the volatile compounds developed by irradiation were analyzed by GC-MS along with solid phase microextraction. Hexanoic acid and tetramethyl pyrazine, which were found in red pepper powder of 0 kGy, disappeared in irradiated red pepper powder. Further, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene was detected by GC-MS as a new developed volatile compound in irradiated red pepper, and this compound was identified to be originated from packaging material not from red pepper powder. This study showed that off-odor from packaging materials was responsible for the volatiles produced from dried food treated with irradiation.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.194-201
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• 1995

본 실험에서는 자루그물의 구조와 형상 및 사용 그 물감의 규격의 변화에 따른 저항의 변화를 조사하고, 그 저항이 전보에서 구한 저항식에 의해 정도 높게 해석되는가를 확인하기 위하여, 유연도가 큰 Nylon 그물감으로 자루그물을 사각추형으로 설계하고 상기 각 요소들을 변화시켜 회류수조(관측부 길이 : 7.00m, 수로 폭 : 1.45m, 수심 : 1.20m)에서 유속 v에서 받는 저항 R을 측정한 후, $R=kSv^2$(S: 그물 벽의 면적)에 의해 저항계수 $k(kg\;\cdot\;sec^2/m^4)$를 구하고 k로써 각각의 경우를 비교하였다. 실험에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 대략 다음과 같다. 1) 정사각추형으로 설계된 자루그물의 입구를 둘레가 서로 같은 원형 틀과 정사각형 틀에 교대로 부착하면, 수중 형상은 원형 틀에서는 매끈한 원추형이 되고 정각각형 틀에서는 입구 주변만을 제외한 나머지 모든 부분이 원추형이 되었기 때문에, k값에는 별다른 차리가 생기지 않았다 또한, 직편각추형으로 설계된 자루그물을 직체각형 틀에 부착하면 입구 주변만을 제외한 나머지 모든 部分이 타원추형이 되었는데, 그 때의 k값은 정사각추형으로 설계된 그물이 수중에서 원추형을 이루는 경우와 거의 같았다. 2) 정사각추형으로 설계된 자루그물에 대해 발의 길이 1에 대한 지름 d의 비 d/1를 변화시키면 k는 d/1가 큰 그물일수록 커지는 경향이었고, 입구 면적 $S_m$ 및 그물감의 재료는 일정하게 하고 $S/S_m$ 또는 흐름에 대한 그물의 영각 $\theta$를 변화시키면 k는 $S/S_m$가 커질수록 작아지는 경향이었다. 그러나, $kS/Sm$는 $S/S_m=1-4$ 또는 $\theta=15-90^{\circ}$의 범위에서는 거의 일정하였고, $S/S_m>4$ 또는 $\theta<15^{\circ}$ 직선적으로 증가하였다. 3) 본 실험에서 얻은 결과를 전보에서 구한 그물 저항식에 의해 해석하면, 자루그물에 있어 그물코의 면적에 대한 발의 체적의 비 $\lambda$ 즉 $$\lambda={\frac{\pi d^2}{21\;sin\;2\varphi}$$를 대표치수로 하는 레이놀즈수를 $R_e$라 하고($2\varphi$: 그물코의 전개각), 흐름에 수직인 평면에 대한 그물의 총 투영면적을 $S_n$이라 할 때, $R_e<100$의 영역에서는 $$k=160R_e\;^{-01}(\frac{S_n}{S_m})^{1.2}\;(\frac{S_m}{S})^{1.6}$$으로 주어졌고 $R_e\geq100$ 영역에서는 $$k=100(\frac{S_n}{S_m})^{1.2}\;(\frac{S_m}{S})^{1.6}$$으로 주어졌다. 이러한 결과는 전보에서 구한 k와 일치하는 것이므로, 전보에서 구한 k는 자루그물에 대한 책험의 결과와 잘 일치한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.499-505
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• 1984

수산물을 이용한 레토르트파우치 식품제조의 기초자료를 얻기 위해 우리 나라에서 많이 생산되는 바지락을 원료로 레토르트파우치 조미바지락의 가공조건을 검토하고 저장중 품질안정성에 대하여 실험하였다. 가공조건은 원료 바지락을 $3\%$ 식염수에서 11시간 토사를 배출시켜 증자 탈각한 후 설탕 $3\%$, sorbitol $12\%$, 식염 $2.5\%$, 글루탐산나트륨 $0.5\%$의 혼합조미료를 살포혼합하여 $5^{\circ}C$에서 12시간 조미한 다음 30분간 예비건조 ($35{\sim}40^{\circ}C$)하고 훈액처리($10\%$ Smoke EZ 훈액, 30초)하여 가볍게 건조한 다음($35{\sim}40^{\circ}C$, 2.5hr) 레토르트파우치필름(polyester/nylon/unoriented polypropylene : $12{\mu}m/15{\mu}m/50{\mu}m,\;15{\times}17cm$) 주머니에 충전하고, 진공포장하여 열수순환식레토르트르써 $120^{\circ}C$ 12분간 가열살균한 다음 냉각하는 것이 좋았다. Smoke EZ 훈액처리는 제품의 색조와 풍미를 향상시키는 효과가 있었으며 산패방지효과도 있었다. 그리고 제품은 실온에서 120일간 품질이 안정하게 유지되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.345-350
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• 1998

본 시험은 우리나라의 조사료자원 확대 방안을 모색하는 노력의 일환으로 대부분의 축산농가에서 조사료원으로 이용하고 있는 볏짚의 생육기별에 따른 사료가치를 구명하기 위하여 1998년 4월부터 동년 11월까지 우석대학교 부속 시험포장에서 수행하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 볏짚의 생육기별 섬유소와 조회분 함량은 벼의 생육이 진행됨에 따라 증가하였으며, 조단백질과 조회분 함량은 감소하였다. NDF 함량은 큰 변화가 없었다. 황숙기 이후 hemicellulose 함량은 크게 감소하였고, cellulose 및 lignin 함량은 증가하였다. 2. 볏짚의 성숙기별 NDF의 반추위 분해율은 출수기때 가장 빨랐고, 유숙기부터는 비슷한 경향을 보였다. ADF의 반추위 분해율은 성숙기별에 따라 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 따라서 볏짚의 성숙에 따른 화학적 조성분의 변화와 반추위 분해율을 종합해 볼 때, 출수기까지의 볏짚은 아직 목질화가 완성되지 않아 섬유질의 반추위 분해속도도 빨랐고, 그 이후의 볏짚은 사료적 가치가 급속히 낮아진다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 1988

포장방법이 칼치 Chunk의 저장성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 시료를 염장 혹은 무염처리 상태로 진공포장, 탈산소제 포장 및 대조구로 하여 $0^{\circ}C$ 또는 $5^{\circ}C$에 저장하면서 실험한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 염장 칼치의 적정 염농도를 4% 내외로 하였을때 적정 식염수의 농도는 15%였고 염장기간은 24시간 이었다. 염장 혹은 무염 처리구의 VBN, TMA, 생균수는 저장 기간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하는 경향이었으나 TBA 값은 $5{\sim}15$일 경에 최고값에 달한후 감소하였다. 칼치 Chunk의 품질 유효지표 성분은 VBN 이었으며 그 함량의 상한선은 29mg%였다. 칼치 Chunk의 간이 품질 평가방법을 도출하였다. $0^{\circ}C$에 저장한 무염처리 칼치의 진공포장, 탈산소제 포장 및 대조구의 경우, 저장 가능기간은 14, 10 및 6일 이었으며, $5^{\circ}C$의 경우는 7, 6 및 4일 이었다. 또한 염장한 칼치를 $5^{\circ}C$에 저장할 경우는 각각 14, 13 및 10일 이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.241-249
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• 2016

The supplementation of livestock feed with animal protein is a present cause for public concern, and plant protein shortages have become increasingly prominent in China. This conflict may be resolved by fully utilizing currently available sources of plant protein. We estimated the rumen degradability and the small intestinal digestibility of the amino acids (AA) in rapeseed meal (RSM), soybean meal (SBM), sunflower seed meal (SFM) and sesame meal (SSM) using the mobile nylon bag method to determine the absorbable AA content of these protein supplements as a guide towards dietary formulations for the dairy industry. Overall, this study aimed to utilize protein supplements effectively to guide dietary formulations to increase milk yield and save plant protein resources. To this end, we studied four cows with a permanent rumen fistula and duodenal T-shape fistula in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square experimental design. The results showed that the total small intestine absorbable amino acids and small intestine absorbable essential amino acids were higher in the SBM (26.34% and 13.11% dry matter [DM], respectively) than in the SFM (13.97% and 6.89% DM, respectively). The small intestine absorbable Lys contents of the SFM, SSM, RSM and SBM were 0.86%, 0.88%, 1.43%, and 2.12% (DM basis), respectively, and the absorbable Met contents of these meals were 0.28%, 1.03%, 0.52%, and 0.47% (DM basis), respectively. Among the examined food sources, the milk protein score of the SBM (0.181) was highest followed by those of the RSM (0.136), SSM (0.108) and SFM (0.106). The absorbable amino acid contents of the protein supplements accurately reflected protein availability, which is an important indicator of the balance of feed formulation. Therefore, a database detailing the absorbable AA should be established.