• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.421-429
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• 2012

This study was aimed to analyze the water quality characteristics of the Hwapocheon Stream and to be utilized in the further related research. Water in the upper stream became a dammed pool due to the existence of 14 weirs, and pollutants such as both sewage and irrigation water were introduced into the mainstream passing through farming settlements and agricultural land. For these reasons, filamentous cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp.) bloomed at the bottom of the dammed pool. Also in the midstream and downstream, tributaries with high pollutant concentrations [e.g., Comocheon (T3) and Yongdeokcheon (T8)] were inflowed, and had a negative impact on water quality of the mainstream, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. In the Hwapocheon Stream, dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased, and suspended solid (SS) increased toward the downstream. The result showed that hydraulic retention time, SS, COD, and concentration of $NH_4{^+}$ were important water quality factors of the Hwapocheon Stream. The high concentration of benthic organic matter and rich in attached algae in the core of Hwapo-wetland were expected to give impact on the water quality of the mainstream. In the spatial manner, water quality showed increasing trend in the weir zone, and it was constant or decreased trend in wetland. In the seasonal manner, the nutrient concentrations were high in the winter dry season, however, the organic matter concentrations were high in spring and summer. Generally, the concentrations of phytoplankton value were $40{\mu}g\;chl-{\alpha}/L$ or less in all reaches except for the high concentrations in the weir and wetland area in June.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

To determine food preferences and nutrients intake of nursery school children, 199 children, ages 1 to 6 years, were assessed with a structured questionnaire completed by their mothers. The questionnaire included questions related to dietary habits, mother's interest in the child's health, family history of diseases, etc. The nutrients intake was measured by 24-hour recall method. Children's weight and height were measured by trained investigators on the same day. For analysis purposes, the subjects were grouped into underweight, normal and overweight groups based on the z-score of weight for height. Only 58.3% of the subjects were grouped into the normal weight group. On the other hand, 19.1% were in the underweight group and 22.6% were in the overweight group. Forty four percent of them showed unbalanced dietary habits such as preference for picky foods, 40.0% of them disliked vegetables, and 46.7% disliked minor grains other than rice. Children in the underweight group showed a higher score of inappropriate dietary habits compared to those of normal or obese groups. The level of nutrients intake of the subjects was higher than the Korean RDA value in general, except for Ca, calories, and Zn. However, 87.4% of the children showed a higher intake level than 125% of KRDA in protein, and 18.2% and 41.4% of them showed a lower intake level than 75% of KRDA in Fe and Ca, respectively. Children in the underweight group showed a higher percentage of eating less than 75% KRDA in niacin compared to those of the normal or overweight group (p<0.05) and we found a similar tendency in Fe, Zn and Vitamin $B_1$ intake.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.252-269
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• 1994

This study was conducted to the early diagnosis of injuries on needles of conifer by acid rain and air pollutants in metropolitan area, Korea. It was executed to calculate of injured index, contact angle measurement, nutrient content analysis in needles, analysis of soil chemical properties from June 1990 to June 1991. The sensitive species (Picea abies, Abies holophylla) for acid rain and air pollutants were used as the study materials. And the results from this study were as follows : Degree of Injured index was divided into three groups in June 1990. The first group (not injured sites) was Kwangnung and Yangpyung. The Second group (slight injured sites) was Inchon, Boramae Park, Kwachun, Seoul Women's Univ., Anyng, and Yangsuri. The third group (serious injured sites) was Namsan, Seoul City Univ., Children's Park, and Kumgok Royal Tomb. But, Inchon, Kwachon area were changed from slight injured areas to serious injured areas in December 1990. As time goes on, the degree of injured gets worse. In contact angle analysis, value of December 1990 was lower than that of June 1990, especially, that of two-year-needle were lower than of one-year-needle. The correlation between injured Index and contact angle was significantly negative. In the result of needle nutrients analysis of Picea abies, Abies hozophylla, Ca, Mg, K contents was higher in December 1990 than that in June 1991 and that of one-year-needle were prominantly higher than that of two-year-needle. In case of wax quantity analysis in injured area, the older the leaf age is, the smaller the contented wax quantity is. In injured area, the higher a leaf age is, the much that of index is. As a result, the method of analysis referred in the former, is applied by a complementary cooperation. That of method is done sustainably in the future, the correct results will be expected.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2014

Consecutive pepper cultivation in plastic film houses may lead to salt accumulation because pepper is considered a heavy nutrient feeder. For this reason, appropriate methods of fertilizer application should be established. Thus, we investigated the effect of different intervals of side-dressing N and K fertilizer applications on soil and red pepper in a plastic film house. All the amounts of recommended compost and phosphorus fertilizer were applied as basal dressing. Cultivars of the pepper plant were Cheon-Ha-Dae-Se (CHDS) and NW-BiGaLim (NW-BGL). Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were treated as side-dressing at different intervals, 22 times in every 10 days, 15 times in every 15 days, and 11 times in every 20 days. Soil pH decreased with decreasing the intervals of side-dressing applications, whereas electrical conductivity (EC) declined with the increasing fertilizer application intervals. In particular, EC value decreased by up to 75% with CHDS cultivar in the plot of 20 day-interval and with NW-BGL cultivar in the plot of 15 day-interval. The concentrations of available phosphorus in the soils increased with increasing the interval. The concentration of exchangeable $K^+$ increased but exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ decreased in all the plots, except in the control plot. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaves of the pepper plants were lowest in the control plot. Potassium concentrations in the pepper leaves were high in the control plot and in the plots of CHDS with 10 day-interval and NW-BGL with 15 day-interval. Red pepper productivity was high in the plots of 10- and 15 day-intervals for CHDS cultivar and 15- and 20 day-intervals for NW-BGL cultivar. Therefore, the 15 day-interval of side-dressing N and K applications was considered as an appropriate method for cultivating pepper plants and protecting soil in plastic film houses.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.100-107
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• 2015

This study was conducted to develop a high-acidity vinegar production (over TA 10%) technology using grape juice to reduce the importation of high-acidity vinegar. The manufacturing condition's effect on the quality of high-acidity vinegar using pure grape juice without the addition of other nutrients for fermentation was investigated. Twelve percent acidity in vinegar was obtained from grape wine with 6% alcohol content. The acetic-acid yield from grape wine decreased when the wine's initial alcohol content was high, which extended the induction time. The pH value was similar in all the treatment groups. The sugar content of the 1st-stage fermentation (1st AAF) was proportional to the initial alcohol content whereas in the 2nd-stage fermentation (2nd AAF), the sugar content was highest in the 6%-alcohol treatment. The major organic acids of the high-acidity grape vinegar included tartaric acid, malic acid, and citric acid. The acid content of the high-acidity initial alcohol group was higher than that of the low-acidity initial alcohol group due to the alcohol content added by the fed-batch and acetic-acid yield difference. The ethyl alcohol content was 364~6,091 ppm (the main alcohol while the others had only traces in all the groups). In conclusion, it was possible to manufacture 12% high-acidity vinegar without the addition of an external nutrient source to grape wine containing 6% initial alcohol content. Finally, a complementary study will be required to shorten the fermentation period through the fed-batch-style addition of alcohol for the purpose of industrialization.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1554-1560
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• 2006

A Gram-positive, aerobic or facultative anaerobic, non motile, endospore-forming bacterial strain, designated Gsoil $114^T$, was isolated from a soil sample of a ginseng field in Pocheon Province (South Korea), and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. It grew well on nutrient agar medium and utilized a limited number of organic substrates as sole carbon sources, including D-xylose and some other carbohydrates, but did not utilize L-amino acids and organic acids. The isolate was positive for oxidase test but negative for catalase, and negative for degradation of macromolecules such as starch, cellulose, xylan, casein, chitin, and DNA. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 41.8 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major fatty acids were $anteiso-C_{15:0}$ (32.1%), $iso-C_{15:0}$ (30.5%), and $anteiso-C_{17:0}$ (30.2%). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Gsoil $114^T$ fell within the radiation of the cluster comprising Bacillus species and joined Bacillus shackletonii LMG $18435^T$ with a bootstrap value of 95%. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities were found with Bacillus shackletonii LMG $18435^T$ (97.6%), Bacillus acidicola DSM $14745^T$ (96.9%), Bacillus sporothermodurans DSM $10599^T$ (96.5%), and Bacillus oleronius DSM $9356^T$ (96.5%). The phylogenetic distance from any other validly described species within the genus Bacillus was less than 96%. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that the DNA-similarities between strain Gsoil $114^T$ and closest phylogenetic neighbors were less than 39%. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil $114^T$ (=KCTC $13944^T$=DSMZ $18134^T$) was classified in the genus Bacillus as the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Bacillus ginsengihumi sp. nov. is proposed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2004

This study, in which sheep were used as models for beef cattle, was conducted to determine the effect of replacing 100% of rice straw with deepstacked broiler Iitter(BL) as a roughage source on total tract apparent digestibility, digestible nutrient intake, ruminal and blood parameters, and N balance of sheep. Under the conventional formulated mix-rice straw(60: 40) feeding system(control), replacement of rice straw with BL resulted in similar(P> 0.05) total tract apparent digestibilities of fiber and organic matter, similar(P> 0.05) intake of digestible NDF, ADF and organic matter, and higher(P <0.05) intake of digestible crude protein. Feeding BL instead of rice straw resulted in 10wer(P <0.05) ruminal pH, higher(P <0.05) $NH^3-N$ concentration and similar(P> 0.05) rominal volatile fatty acid percentage and blood urea concentration. In a N balance study, increased(P<0.05) N intake for the BIAed group induced higher(P <0.05) quantities(g/d) of fecal and urinary N excretion, bodily N absorption, and N retention. It was concluded that deepstacked BL fiber was comparable to rice straw fiber as a roughage source and BL protein was also favorably utilized within the body of ruminant.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.3-12
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• 2001

This study conducted to Investigate the movement of fertilized nutrients in a volcanic ash soil in Jeju using by the pressure-vacuum soil water sampler. The percolated water to measure the ion concentration of leachates was taken from a lysimeter at depths of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 cm in the soil in where a corn and potato were cultivated as a preceding and succeeding crop, respectively. Fertilizers of N-$P_2$O$_{5}$-$K_2$O were applied at the rate of 36-30-30 kg $10a^{-1}$ for the corn and 28-22-24 kg $10a^{-1}$ for the potato prior to planting of both crops. The highest concentrations of Cl , $NO_3$-N, $Ca^{+2}$ and $K^+$ in percolates were showed at 20cm and 40cm in soil depth at one month after fertilizing, and then gradually moved and reduced into below soil depths. At 5.5 months after fertilization, the concentrations in all soil depths were similar with the value of before fertilization. At depth of 120cm, the concentration of NO$_3$-N and the other cations in leachate was highest 1 to 1.5 months after fertilization. pH in percolated water was negatively correlated with NO$_3$-N concentration while the concentration of $NO_3$-N showed positive correlation between Cl, $Ca^{+2}$ and $Mg^{+2}$ concentrations. This result indicated that those cations can be leached out by accompanied with $NO_3$-N.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.289-300
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• 2013

In this study, two types of wetland plants, Eichhornia crassipes (a floating plant) and Ceratophyllum demersum (a submerged plant) were introduced to wetland mesocosms to understand how the water properties of wetlands such as pH, dissolved oxygen content, water temperature, oxidation reduction potential, and nutrient concentrations are affected by different types of wetland plant. The floating plant lives on the water surface and can block light penetration; it exhibited the lowest water temperature and temperature difference between lower and upper layers. After the addition of contaminants, the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration decreased abruptly but recovered continuously in all mesocosms; especially the submerged plants, which photosynthesize in water, showed the largest increases in DO and diel periodicity DO, as well as in pH value. The oxidation-reduction potential in both water and sediment were affected by the presence of wetland plants and plant type and the results suggest that various aspects of wetland biogeochemistry are affected by the presence and type of wetland plants. The total nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in water decreased in the following order: Water only < Water + Soil < Floating Plants < Submerged Plants. Although both floating and submerged plants can control algal concentrations, the effect was more prominent for floating plants.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 1987

In order to establish the biological treatment system which can be used for treatment of waste aster from acetaldehyde plant, it was investigated optimum nutrient requirements and growth conditions by mixed culture of Micrococcus roseus AW-6, Micrococcus luteus AW-22, Microbacterium lacticum AW-38 and Microbacterium laevaniformans AW-41 as well as the effect of coagulants and neutralization reagents. Also, it was carried out the continuous culture as well as batch culture to treat the waste water by mixed culture of these strains. The COD removal rate was reached to maximum state for 96hrs culture at pH7.0 and $30^{\circ}C$ NaOH as the neutralization reagents was the most effective, but the coagulants had no effect on the COD remonal rate and the optimum dilution times for treatment were 10 fold. The COD removal rate was also increased by supplimenting 200 ppm $NH_{2}NO_{3}$, 50 ppm $KH_{2}PO_{4}$, 15 ppm $CaCl_{2}$ and 1 ppm $MgSO_{4} \cdot 7H_{2}O $ as additional nutrients. The removal rate coefficient $K_{1}$ on the batch culture was $4.5\times 10^{-6}$, and the detention time for BOD removal rate of 85% was approximately 45hrs. The COD of waste water was reduced to 15% of its initial value by the continuous culture. The COD and BOD of the effluents were to be about 60 ppm and 40 ppm, respectively, and final pH was 7.0.