• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.100-107
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 수입에 의존하고 있는 고산도 식초 생산 기술을 대체하고자 포도과즙을 이용하여 적정산도 10% 이상의 식초 제조조건 및 품질특성을 조사하였다. 초기 알코올 함량에 따른 고산도 초산발효에서는 초기 알코올 함량 6%에서 적정산도 12%의 고산도 식초 제조가 가능하였으며 초기 알코올 함량이 높을수록 유도기가 길어져 초산수율이 감소하였다. pH는 구간에 따른 큰 차이가 없었고, 당도는 1단계 초산발효(1st AAF)까지 초기 알코올 함량에 비례하여 높게 나타났으나 2단계 초산발효(2nd AAF)기간 동안에는 초기 알코올 6% 첨가구에서 증가율이 가장 높았다. 고산도 포도식초의 주요 유기산은 tartaric, malic 및 citric acid가 검출되었으며, 유가식 첨가량 및 초산 발효수율 차이로 인하여 초기 알코올 함량이 낮을수록 높게 검출되었다. 미량 알코올 중 ethyl alcohol을 제외한 성분은 극소량으로 검출되어 초기 알코올 함량에 따른 큰 차이가 없었고, ethyl alcohol은 364~581 ppm으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과, 포도 알코올 발효액(초기 알코올 함량 6%)를 이용하여 일체의 영양원을 첨가하지 않고 총산도 12%의 고산도 식초 제조가 가능하였다. 그러나 산업적으로 활용하기 위해서는 초산수율 향상 및 유가식 첨가에 의한 발효기간 단축에 관한 보완 연구가 요구되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1554-1560
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• 2006

A Gram-positive, aerobic or facultative anaerobic, non motile, endospore-forming bacterial strain, designated Gsoil $114^T$, was isolated from a soil sample of a ginseng field in Pocheon Province (South Korea), and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. It grew well on nutrient agar medium and utilized a limited number of organic substrates as sole carbon sources, including D-xylose and some other carbohydrates, but did not utilize L-amino acids and organic acids. The isolate was positive for oxidase test but negative for catalase, and negative for degradation of macromolecules such as starch, cellulose, xylan, casein, chitin, and DNA. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 41.8 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major fatty acids were $anteiso-C_{15:0}$ (32.1%), $iso-C_{15:0}$ (30.5%), and $anteiso-C_{17:0}$ (30.2%). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Gsoil $114^T$ fell within the radiation of the cluster comprising Bacillus species and joined Bacillus shackletonii LMG $18435^T$ with a bootstrap value of 95%. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities were found with Bacillus shackletonii LMG $18435^T$ (97.6%), Bacillus acidicola DSM $14745^T$ (96.9%), Bacillus sporothermodurans DSM $10599^T$ (96.5%), and Bacillus oleronius DSM $9356^T$ (96.5%). The phylogenetic distance from any other validly described species within the genus Bacillus was less than 96%. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that the DNA-similarities between strain Gsoil $114^T$ and closest phylogenetic neighbors were less than 39%. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil $114^T$ (=KCTC $13944^T$=DSMZ $18134^T$) was classified in the genus Bacillus as the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Bacillus ginsengihumi sp. nov. is proposed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2004

본 연구는 반추동물의 조사료 원으로서 볏짚을 퇴적발효 BL로 100% 대체하였을 때 면양(육우의 모델로 이용)의 영양소 섭취량, 체내 소화율, 가소화 영양소 섭취량, 반추위 성상, 혈액 성상 및 체내 질소 출납에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 볏짚을 BL로 대체함에 따라 면양의 섬유소 및 유기물 소화율은 비슷하였고(P>0.05), 가소화 섬유소(NDF, ADF) 및 유기물 섭취량 또한 비슷하였으며(P>0.05), 가소화 단백질 섭취량은 증가하였다(P<0.05). 볏짚을 BL로 대체함에 따라 반추위 pH의 감소(P<0.05)와 반추위 $NH^3-N$ 농도의 증가(P<0.05) 현상이 나타났고, VFA 생성율과 혈중 urea-N 농도는 유의적 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). BL의 볏짚 대체로 인한 사료 단백질 섭취량의 증가(P<0.05)는 분뇨로의 단백질 배설량, 단백질 체내 흡수량과 체내 축적량의 증가 현상을 초래하였다(P<0.05). 결과적으로 반추동물의 조사료 원으로서 퇴적발효 BL 섬유소는 볏짚 섬유소에 필적하는 체내 이용성을 보여주었고, BL 단백질 또한 양호한 체내 이용성을 보여주었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2001

본 시험은 제주지역 화산회토에서 pressure-vacuum soil water sampler를 이용하여 시비 양분의 토양깊이별 이동상태를 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. lysimeter(single chamber : model SW-071)를 각각 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120cm의 깊이에 매설한 후 전작물로는 옥수수, 후작물로는 감자를 재배하면서 강우시 침투수를 채수하여 pH및 양, 음이온의 농도를 조사하였다. 시비량은 질소-인산-가리를 옥수수는 36-30-30kg씩, 감자는 28-22-24kg씩 각각 파종전에 시용하였다. 채취한 침투수중 Cl, $NO_3$-N, $Ca^{+2}$, $K^{+}$의 평균농도는 시비 1개월 후에 20~40cm 깊이에서 급격하게 높아진 후 농도가 점차 낮아지면서 심토층으로의 하향 이동이 계속되어 5개월 후에는 시험 전 토양과 비슷한 수준이 되었다. 심토층(120cm)에서의 $NO_3$-N은 시비 1~l.5개월 후 그 농도가 가장 높았고, 다른 양이온도 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 용탈수의 PH와 $NO_3$-N은 부의 상관을 보였고, $NO_3$-N과 양이온간에는 고도의 정의 상관을 보여 $NO_3$-N이 표토에서 심토층으로 하향이동시 $Ca^{+2}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{+2}$ 등의 양이온도 동반용탈되는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.289-300
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 습지식물의 유형에 따라 습지의 주요 수 환경에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 부유식물로는 부레옥잠(Eichhornia crassipes)을 침수식물로는 붕어마름(Ceratophyllum demersum)을 인공습지 실험구에 도입한 후 pH, 용존산소, 수온, 산환환원전위, 영양물질 농도 등 주요 수 환경의 변화를 조사하였다. 수 표면에 주로 존재하는 부유식물은 빛이 수체내로 투과하는 것을 막아, 다른 처리구에 비해 수온이 낮게 나타났으며 주 야 모두 상 하층 수온의 차이도 관찰되었다. 오염물 유입 후 모든 실험구에서 용존 산소가 일시적으로 감소하였다가 다시 회복되었는데 특히 수중에서 광합성을 하는 침수식물 처리구에서 주기성을 가지면서 증가하였고 상승폭 또한 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. pH 또한 침수식물 처리구에서 주기성을 가지면서 변동하는 것으로 나타나 용존산소의 경우와 같이 광합성의 영향임을 보여주었다. 본 연구에서 습지토양의 산환환원전위가 수생식물의 유무나 유형에 따라 영향을 받을 수 있음이 관찰되었으며 이와 관련된 생지화학적 기작에도 영향을 줄 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 수체 내 총질소와 총인의 농도는 물만 있는 대조구 <물과 토양이 있는 대조구 < 부유식물 처리구 < 침수식물 처리구의 순으로 감소한 것으로 나타나 식물이 영양물질 제거에도 효과적임을 보여주었다. 부유식물과 침수식물 모두 조류발생을 억제하는 것으로 나타났는데 특히 부유식물의 경우 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.333-338
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• 1987

아세트알데히드 공장폐수의 생물학적 처리를 위하여 중화제 및 응집제의 효과를 검토하고, 4개 균주 Micrococcus roseus AW-6. Micrococcus luteus, AW -22. Microbacterium lacticum AW-38. Microbacterium laevaniformans AW-41을 혼합 배양하여 미생물의 영양요구량 및 성장에 미치는 환경인자 둥을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 아세트알데히드 폐수를 잘 자화시키는데 필요한 온도는 $30^{\circ}C$였고 pH는 7.0이였으며 96시간째에 COD 제거율이 최대에 달하였다. 폐수처리를 위한 중화제로서는 NaOH가 가장 좋았고 응집제의 처리 효과는 인정되지 않았으며 폐수처리를 위한 최적 희석배수는 10배 정도로 나타났다. 균 생육을 위한 영양원으로서는 $NH_{2}NO_{3}$ 200ppm, $KH_{2}PO_{4}$, 50ppm, $CaCl_{2}$ 15ppm. $MgSO_{4} \cdot 7H_{2}O $ ppm을 보충하였을 때 COD 제거율이 향상되었다. 회분배양 실험결과 속도계수 Kl은 4. 5X 10-6이었으며, BOD 제거융을 85%로 하기 위한 체류시간은 45시간 이었다. 연속배양 결과 COD 제거율은 85%로 나타났으며 처리수의 수질은 COD 60ppm. BOD 40ppm, pH7.0 정도로서 환경기준치 이하였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권7호
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• pp.533-543
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the iron status of preschool children in Ulsan, Korea. The study was con-ducted using 95 children aged 3 to 6 years by investigating the anthropometric indices and assessing the dietary intakes and biochemical analysis. A questionnaire for dietary intakes using 24-hr recall method were carried out by the mothers of the 95 subjects. And also a study was conducted to assess hematological and biochemical status of iron and prevalence of iron deficiency. The average height and weight were 105.4 $\pm$ 7.0 cm, 18.7 $\pm$ 3.2 kg in boys, 103.8 $\pm$ 6.7 cm, 17.6 $\pm$ 2.7 kg in girls. These were lower than the body growth standard values of Korean pediatrics. There was not a significant difference in both between boys and girls. For the daily nutrient intake, energy was 1201.5 $\pm$ 280.9 kcal (79.3$\%$RDA), protein was 63.8 $\pm$ 28.2 g (219.4$\%$RDA), iron was 11.9 $\pm$ 4.5 mg (133.2$\%$RDA). The iron nutritional status by hematological assay found that Hct was 34.7 $\pm$ 2.0 ($\%$), Hb was 12.0 $\pm$ 0.8 g/dl, RBC was 4.3 $\pm$ 0.3 ($10^6/{\mu}l$), MCV was 80.5 $\pm$ 3.0 fL, MCH was 27.8 $\pm$ 1.1 pg and MCHC was 34.6 $\pm$ 0.6 g/dl. The biochemical measurement of serum iron was 75.6 $\pm$ 30.3 ${\mu}g$/dl, TIBC was 320.3 $\pm$ 34.1 ${\mu}g$/dl, serum ferritin was 30.0 $\pm$ 14.8 ${\mu}g$/dl, Zinc-Protophor-phyrin (ZPP) was 32.7 $\pm$ 8.0 ${\mu}g$/dl, and ZPP/Heme was 71.1 $\pm$ 19.5 ($\mu$mole/mol heme). The prevalence with Hct, Hb, TS and serum ferritin less than cut-off value was $8.4\%,\;9.5\%,\;12.6\%$ and $4.4\%$ respectively. But the prevalence of iron deficiency estimated with ZPP and ZPP/Heme criteria were $25.3\%$ and $27.4\%$, and were higher than in case of any other indices. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia ((low Hb (< 11.0 g/dl) and low serum ferritin (< 10 ${\mu}g$/L) or low TS (3-4 yews: < $12\%$, 5-6 years: < $14\%$)) was found in only one 3 year old girl. The prevalence of iron deficiency except Hct and Hb was the highest in 3 year group, but the prevalence by Hct and Hb was the highest in 5 year group. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia do not seem to be a major public health problem in preschool children in Ulsan.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.171-180
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• 1982

The nutritional survey and blood sampling was conducted from May 23 to 27, 1971, in order to investigate the state of the nutritional intake in relation to blood contents of rural women. This survey covered a total of 47 women residing in Youngam-gun, Cholla-namdo, Korea. The daily diet of these subjects was observed by 24-hour recall method and weighing method for 3 days and hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit(Hct), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum protein, serum albumin, A/G ratio, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TS), serum cholesterol and blood specific gravity (SG) were measured. The results were summarized as follows ; The rate of intake of vegetable foods was high, especially cereals, and that of animal foods was low, especially eggs and milk and milk products. The daily intake of niacin was sufficient, and the intakes of energy and iron were also tend to be adequate. On the contrary, the intakes of vitamin A, $B_2$ and C, calcium and protein were insufficient. The mean red blood cell number was $410.8{\pm}26.4{\times}10^{4}/mm^{3},$ the mean values of Hb, Hct and MCHC were $12.5{\pm}0.9gm%$, $37.5{\pm}2.4%$ and $33.2{\pm}0.5%$ thus the anemic prevalences were 21.3%, 12.8% and 93.6% comparing with the anemic criteria of WHO. The levels of serum protein and serum albumin were $7.1{\pm}0.4gm\;%$ and $4.3{\pm}0.3gm\;%$so the A/G ratio was indicated $1.6{\pm}0.2.$. The levels of serum iron and TIBC were $91.9{\pm}27.5{\mu}g/100ml and $297.5{\pm}31.4{\mu}g/100ml,$ so TS was calculated $31.2{\pm}9.7\;%$. The mean value of SG was $1.044{\pm}0.002,$ and the level of serum cholesterol was $164.3{\pm}25.4mg/dl$. In the relation between each of bloood content, Hb showed positive correlation not only with Hct but also protein at the level of significance of 1 per cent and 5 per cent, and protein also showed a positive correlation with serum cholesterol at the 1 per cent level of significance. In the relation between the nutrient intake and blood contents, vitamin C intake showed a positive correlation with Hb, serum protein and serum iron at the level of significance of 1 per cent, iron intake also showed a positive correlation with serum iron and serum cholesterol at the same significant level, and protein intake showed a positive correlation with serum iron at the at the level of significance of 5 per cent.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2021

Cutting management has been identified as a critical factor in the alfalfa production systems because it has a significant impact on maximizing yield and maintaining the forage quality. The objective of this experiment was to determine the proper cutting height according to harvesting time for optimizing nutrient yield and forage nutritive quality of alfalfa grown in alpine regions of Korea. Alfalfa was sown at a seeding rate of 30 kg/ha in August 2018 and harvested at four cuttings in 2019 (3 May, 2 July, 11 September, and 13 October). Cutting heights were adjusted at 5, 15, and 25 cm above the soil surface. Alfalfa plant was tallest at the third cutting (109 cm), which was on average 35 cm taller than the first or second cutting. Relative feed value (RFV) remained unaffected by cutting height at the first harvest, but increased consistently in subsequent harvests as cutting height increased. Alfalfa collected at the first and fourth cuttings had the highest RFV (mean 152), which was on average 8 and 67 units higher than the second and third harvests, respectively. At each harvest, in vitro dry matter digestibility was highest in alfalfa cut at a 25-cm height. Dry matter (DM) production at each cutting height was highest in the first cutting, accounting for on average 36-37% of total annual DM production, and lowest in the fourth harvest, accounting for about 11-13% of the total DM yield. The total dry matter production (in four harvests) was 4,218 kg/ha higher when alfalfa was subjected to a cutting height of 5 cm rather than 25 cm. Cutting height had no effect on total crude protein yield, but from the first to fourth cutting, the protein yield followed a decreasing trend. Finally, there were visible declines in forage nutritive quality when alfalfa was cut at a shorter height. However, the magnitude of difference in total forage yield may outweigh the slight decline in forage quality when alfalfa is cut at a lower height. The findings of this study could help the alfalfa growers make better harvest management decisions.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1038-1048
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• 2021

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage time and formic acid (FA) on fermentation characteristics, epiphytic microflora, carbohydrate components and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage. Methods: Fresh rice straw was ensiled with four levels of FA (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% of fresh weight) for 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, and 60 d. At each time point, the silos were opened and sampled for chemical and microbial analyses. Meanwhile, the fresh and 60-d ensiled rice straw were further subjected to in vitro analyses. Results: The results showed that 0.2% and 0.6% FA both produced well-preserved silages with low pH value and undetected butyric acid, whereas it was converse for 0.4% FA. The populations of enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and aerobic bacteria were suppressed by 0.2% and 0.6% FA, resulting in lower dry matter loss, ammonia nitrogen and ethanol content (p<0.05). The increase of FA linearly (p<0.001) decreased neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose, linearly (p<0.001) increased residual water soluble carbohydrate, glucose, fructose and xylose. The in vitro gas production of rice straw was decreased by ensilage but the initial gas production rate was increased, and further improved by FA application (p<0.05). No obvious difference of FA application on in vitro digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre was observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: The 0.2% FA application level promoted lactic acid fermentation while 0.6% FA restricted all microbial fermentation of rice straw silages. Rice straw ensiled with 0.2% FA or 0.6% FA improved its nutrient preservation without affecting digestion, with the 0.6% FA level best.