• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.611-619
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• 1998

This study was carried out to examine the effects of soil acidification on growth and nutrient status of 2 - year - old Pious densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. seedlings grown for 120 days in brown forest soils acidified with $H_2SO_4$ solution with or without leaching rations from the soil. The concentrations of A1 in the acidified soils increased with increasing amount of $H^+$ added to the soil. The total dry weight of the seedlings was decreased by the addition of the $H_2SO_4$ solution. The increase of Al concentration in the belowground part resulted from the decreased concentration of essential mineral elements such as Ca and Mg in the aboveground part. In addition, a strong positive correlation(r=0.96, p<0.001) was observed between the dry weight of the seedlings and the molar (Ca+Mg+K)/A1 ratio of the soil solution. When the molar (Ca+Mg+K)/Al ratio was approximately 7.0, the dry weight of the seedlings began to decrease compared with that of the seedlings in the control treatment. The seedlings with the molar (Ca+Mg+K)/Al ratio of 1.0 resulted from approximately 40% growth reduction compared with the control value. The results suggest that the molar (Ca+Mg+K)/Al ratio of the soil solution may be a useful indicator for assessing the critical load of acid deposition.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2009

Waste nutrient solution (WNS) that composed of nutrient solution of horticultural research institute in Japan and used for culture tomato in perlite hydroponics showed $1.9{\sim}2.4$ dS/m of EC and $5.5{\sim}7.1$ of pH. Although $NH_{4}^+$-N concentration of WNS decreased remarkably, the others did not change significantly as compared with supplied solution. The growth characteristics such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width were increased as amount of compost was increased in 1 L WNS supply treatment. But there was not any regular tendency on growth characteristics in 2 L/plant WNS supply treatment. The chlorophyll content of tomato leaf was highest in I L/plant WNS supply and 4,000 kg/10a compost treatment. The fresh and dry weight, and yield of tomato fruit also increased with increase of amount of WNS and compost, and they were highest in 1 L WNS supply and 4,000 kg/10a compost treatment. The sugar content of tomato fruits was not influenced by amount of WNS and compost, fructose and glucose and total sugar was highest in 2 L/plant WNS supply and 2,000 kg/10a compost treatment. Therefore fertigation culture used WNS is environmentally friendly and can guarantee yield and quality of tomato fruits and growth of tomato plants.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the optimum nutrient solution, pH, irrigation interval, light intensity and planting density to growth of common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) in a closed-type plant production system. Three-band radiation type fluorescent lamps with a 12-h photoperiod were used. Nutrient film technique systems with three layers were used for the plant growth system. Environmental conditions, such as air temperature, relative humidity and $CO_2$ concentration were controlled by an ON/OFF operation. Treatments were comparison of the nutrient solution of Horticultural Experiment Station in Japan (NHES) and the nutrient solution of Jeju National University (NJNU), pH 6.0 and 7.0, irrigation interval 5 min and 10 min, light intensity 90 and $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, and within-row spacing 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm with between-row spacing 15 cm. Optimum macronutrients were composed N 7.65, P 0.65, K 4.0, Ca 1.6 and Mg $1.0mM{\cdot}L^{-1}$. There were no significant interactions between pH 6.0 and 7.0 about shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight of common ice plant. Irrigation interval 5 min and 10 min was also the same result. Shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight were highest at $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight were decreased according to increasing the planting density. From the above results, we concluded that optimum nutrient solution, optimum levels of pH, irrigation interval, light intensity and planting density were 6.0-7.0 and 10 min, $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and $15{\times}15cm$, respectively for growth of common ice plant in a closed-type plant production system.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.322-326
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• 2012

Recently, researches related to plant factory system has been activated and production of Ssam-vegetables using artificial lighting has been increasing. In South Korea, Ssam-vegetables are very popular and the consumption is increasing every year. Because leaf vegetables cultivated under hydroponic systems are more preferable rather than those cultivated by soil culture in Korea, the plant factory system would be more effective in production of Ssam-vegetables. Therefore, this study was carried out in order to analyze the yield and vitamin C contents in red mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and pak-choi (Brassica campestris var. chinensis), which are used a lot for the Ssam-vegetables in South Korea, as influenced by different concentrations of the nutrient solution in a plant factory system. As a results, there was no significant differences in the plant height among the treatment of EC in the nutrient solution, but for red mustard plants, the number of leaves tended to decrease in the treatment with higher EC. Leaf area of pak-choi plants was significantly increased in the higher EC, while the fresh weight had a tendency to increase along with increasing EC in the nutrient solution for both crops. The photosynthetic rates did not show a distinct tendency by EC levels for red mustard plants, but for pak-choi plants, it tended to be higher at the high EC. The contents of ascorbic acid in leaves were higher with decreasing EC concentration in the nutrient solution for red mustard plants, while the content was the highest at EC $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ for pak-choi plants. In summary, considering the marketable yields and vitamin C at different nutrient concentrations in a plant factory, the optimal concentration for red mustard and pak-choi plants was thought to be EC $2.0{\sim}2.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2006

This research was conducted to determine the plant growth and nutrient contents of potted chrysanthemum 'Lima Honey' as influenced by application rate of fused superphosphate (FSSP) in three root media, peatmoss+vermiculite (1:1, v/v; PV), peatmoss+composted rice hall (1:1, v/v; PR), and peatmoss+composted pine bark (1:1, v/v; PB). All root media contained polyacrylic acid sodium salt at a rate of $4.5g L^{-1}$. The treatment of $1.4g L^{-1}$ in PV and those of $0.7g L^{-1}$ in PR and PB had the greatest fresh and dry weights in each root medium at both 43 and 80 days after transplanting. Elevated application rates of FSPP increased tissue contents of N, P, and K at both 43 and 80 days after transplanting in PV medium. However, the differences in tissue contents of N, P and K in PR medium were less significant among treatments of FSPP. The pre-planting FSPP also less affected the tissue contents of nutrients at 80 days after transplanting as compared to those at 43 days after transplanting. Elevated application rates of FSPP in PV medium increased EC and the concentrations of $NO_3,\;P_2O_5$, K, Ca, and Mg in soil solution of root media at 43 days after transplanting. The EC in PV medium at 80 days after transplanting was higher than that at 43 days after transplanting. The EC in all root media at 80 days after transplanting was not different among treatments of FSPP.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.15-18
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• 1978

The study was performed to investigate the inhibitory action on the growth rate of Candida albicans under the various immunological conditions, Candida albicans was grown in broth media containing 0.1ml. (in total broth volume 4.0ml.) of normal human serum, diabetic patient serum, albumin solution, artifical bulla content and nutrient solution as control subject. The inhibitory action of Candida albicans was indicated by mesurement of transparency rate with use of the spectrophotometer. The results are as follows: 1. Normal human serum shows inhibitory effect on the growth of the candida distinctly. 2. Albumin solution reveals almost similar to that of the effect of normal human serum. 3. Artificial bulla content which obtained by irradiation of ultraviolot ray after application of 1% 8-Methoxy-psolaren cream and the diabetic patient serum shows reduction of inhibitory effect as compared with that of the normal human serum. 4. It is estimated that the titer of negative effect of diabetic patient serum is not related with the variation of immunoglobulin titer in patient serum.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2014

We analyzed drainage water from coir substrate in which cucumber plants were grown in winter and elucidated changes in pH, EC, and major nutrients according to the growth stages to recommend nutrient solution management appropriate to each growth stage. From the analysis of drainage solution the growth stages of cucumber were desirable to be divided into two, planting to fruit setting and fruit setting to harvest in case of nutrient solution management. The time required was about 3 weeks from planting to the first fruit setting and thereafter 7~10 days more until the first harvest. Approximately every 3~4 days were needed until the upper flowers bloomed. The time required from fruit setting to harvest was not different much among flowers as cucumber plants grew. From the experimental results, EC of supplied solution was recommended to maintain a little high to $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ until before fruit setting and lower a little to $2.0{\sim}2.3dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ after that. Of course, the amount of solution supply should be increased as plants grew. In case of each nutrients, the recommendation of concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium were 700, 60, and $110mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ each until before fruit setting, and then 660, 50, and $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ each after fruit setting. The concentrations of potassium and magnesium are recommended to start from 400 and $80mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ until fruit setting and lower a little after that.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2008

To determine suitable composition of nutrient solution according to soil textures in fertigation culture of cucumber using three strengths (S) of Yamasaki cucumber recipe, chemical changes of soil, growth characteristics and yield of cucumber were investigated. Electric conductivity of drainage solution was risen in all treatments, pH of loam soil was generally optimum level and that of sandy soil was high level. Photosynthetic rate in loam soil supplied the 1/2 S and transpiration rate in sandy soil supplied the 1.0 S were most low. Diffusive resistance in sandy soil supplied the 1.0 S was high. Chlorophyll contents was higher concentrations by the kinds of soil. Amount of drainage solution in sandy loam soil supplied the 1/2 S and loam soil supplied the 1.0 S were most much and little, respectively. Water absorption rate was the opposition to amount of drainage solution. Nutrient contents in soil except calcium were most high in the 1.0 S by the kinds of soil. Nutrient contents in leaves, nitrogen in sandy soil supplied 1.0 S, phosphorus in loam soil supplied 1/2 S, potassium in two soil supplied 1.0 S, calcium in loam supplied 1/2 S and sandy loam soil supplied 1.0 S, magnesium in loam soil supplied the 1/2 S was high. The growth and yield of fruit were more in loam than in sandy loam soil. Therefore, the suitable compositions of macro-nutrients for fertigation culture of cucumber were determined in loam and sandy loam soils as follows: In loam soil, they were $NO_3$-N 12.3, $NH_4$-N 1.0, P 3.0, K 5.9, Ca 5.7, Mg $3.5\;me{\cdot}L^{-1}$, whereas in sandy loam soil $NO_3$-N 11.7, $NH_4$-N 1.0, P 3.0, K 5.9, Ca 4.9, Mg $3.2\;me\;L^{-1}$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of magnesium concentrations in fertilizer solution on growth and cut flower quality of chrysanthemum 'Biarritz'. The nutrient concentrations in plant tissue and soil solution of root media were also determined. Magnesium deficiency appeared on older leaves with interveinal yellow-green chlorosis. Marginal chlorosis and necrosis also developed on some of older leaves. Elevation of Mg concentration in fertilizer solution increased cut flower weight at harvesting stage resulting in the 8.84g in 1.5mM treatment. Dry weight of whole above ground plant tissue increased as Mg concentrations in fertilizer solution were elevated within the range from 0 to 15mM, but that of 20mM decreased compared to 15mM treatment. The dry weight of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mM treatments were 8.42, 8.75 and 8.848 and tissue Mg contents of those based on the youngest fully expanded leaves at harvesting stage were 0.34, 0.53 and $0.71\%$, respectively. Based on dry weight and tissue Mg contents, Mg fertilization to maintain tissue contents higher than $0.64\%$ is necessary to ensure flower quality and yield. By considering the concentration in 15mM treatment, Mg concentration in soil solution of root media should be higher than $3.68mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ at harvesting stage.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.215-226
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• 2010

The pig slurry leachate was dark brown-colored solution that leaches out of woodchip trickling filter. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of pig slurry leachate and byproduct on growth characteristics of leaf lettuce in hydroponics culture. The effects of addition of fish meal, bone meal and crab shell for the growth of leaf lettuce were investigated. Leaf lettuce were grown in each of six combination treatment solutions; slurry leachate, slurry leachate + fish meal, slurry leachate+bone meal, slurry leachate + crab shell and chemical hydroponic solution for lettuce based on EC content. The chemical nutrient solution was the solution of National Horticulture Research Station for the growth of lettuce. The all of nutrient solution was adjusted 1.5 mS/cm in EC in hydroponics culture. 1. The pH level of leachate of trickling filter was increased and EC decreased gradually during treatment. Pig slurry leachate was low in suspended solids (SS), phosphorus (P), but rich in potassium (K). 2. The plot of slurry leachate (SL) was lowest in the growth characteristics of lettuce. The leaf length and width of lettuce treated with mixture plot of slurry leachate and fish meal (SL + FM) was higher compared with plot in slurry leachate. The chlorophyll reading was reduced in plot treated with slurry leachate, but that in plot of SL+FM was similar compared with control plot. 3. The fresh weight of lettuce showed lowest in the plot treated with slurry leachate. The addition of fish meal increased the yield of comparing plot of slurry leachate, but plots of bone meal and crab shell addition were not significantly difference. The fresh weight of leaf lettuce in plot of SL+FM was 87% as 400.0g compared with control. In conclusion, the mixture solution of pig slurry leachate and fish meal could be used as a nutrition solution of organic lettuce hydroponics.