• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.945-951
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• 2013

In vitro studies were undertaken to develop an appropriate fibrolytic enzymes cocktail comprising of cellulase, xylanase and ${\beta}$-D-glucanase for maize stover with an aim to increase its nutrient utilization in sheep. Cellulase and xylanase added individually to ground maize stover at an increasing dose rates (0, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, 3,200, 6,400, 12,800, 25,600, 32,000, 38,400, and 44,800 IU/g DM), increased (p<0.01) the in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro sugar release. The doses selected for studying the combination effect of enzymes were 6,400 to 32,000 IU/g of cellulase and 12,800 to 44,800 IU/g of xylanase. At cellulase concentration of 6,400 IU/g, IVDMD % was higher (p<0.01) at higher xylanase doses (25,600 to 44,800 IU/g). While at cellulase doses (12,800 to 32,000 IU/g), IVDMD % was higher at lower xylanase doses (12,800 and 25,600 IU/g) compared to higher xylanase doses (32,000 to 44,800 IU/g). At cellulase concentration of the 6,400 to 32,000 IU/g, the amount of sugar released increased (p<0.01) with increasing levels of xylanase concentrations except for the concentration of 44,800 IU/g. No effect of ${\beta}$-D-glucanase (100 to 300 IU/g) was observed at lower cellulase-xylanase dose (cellulase-xylanase 12,800 to 12,800 IU/g). Based on the IVDMD, the enzyme combination cellulase-xylanase 12,800 to 12,800 IU/g was selected to study its effect on feed intake and rumen fermentation pattern, conducted on 12 rams (6 to 8 months; $20.34{\pm}2.369$ kg body weight) fed 50% maize stover based TMR. The total volatile fatty acids (p<0.01) and ammonia-N concentration was higher in enzyme supplemented group, while no effect was observed on dry matter intake, ruminal pH and total nitrogen concentration.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.438-444
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 가변형 간벽을 설치하고 이 가변형 간벽의 열고 닫음에 따라 하나의 SBR 반응조를 시간적으로 뿐만 아니라 공간적으로도 분리시킴으로써 aerobic, anaerobic 또는 anoxic 상태의 구분을 명확히 하여 탈질 및 탈인 효율을 증대시켰다. 본 연구 결과 $COD_{Cr}$/N ratio 10($BOD_5$/N ratio 5) 정도의 실 플랜트 조건에서 T-N 및 T-P 제거효율은 90.9%와 75%를 나타내었다. 또한 잉여슬러지내 인 함유량 조사결과 기존 처리장에서 발생된 잉여슬러지의 인 함량비율을 100%라 할 때 pilot plant에서 발생된 잉여슬러지의 인 함유율은 생 슬러지의 경우 133.6%, 건조 슬러지의 경우 124.3%로서 기존 처리장의 슬러지내 인 함유율보다 $25{\sim}30%$ 정도 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 SBR반응조 내에 가변형 간벽을 설치함으로서 명확한 탈질 탈인을 위한 반응조건을 제시해 줄 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1988

수산물 가공에 있어서 품질개량제로 널리 사용되고 있는 sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, 및 polymixer가 위생지표세균 및 식중독 원인세균등 여러세균의 생리, 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 중합인산염의 항균력은 Escherichia colisk Salmonella와 같은 Gram음성 균에 비하여 Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus 및 Bacillus subtilis와 같은 Gram양성균에서 강하게 나타났다. 2. 중합인산염으로 처리 하였을 때 Gram양성균인 Staphylococcus aureus에서는 균체성분의 누출이 확인 되었으나 Gram음성균인 Escherichia coli에서는 균체성분의 누출을 확인할 수 없었다. 3. Sodium polyphosphate $3.5\%$ 용액에 침지한 냉동 명태 fillet는 대조구 보다 대장균군은 $39\~72\%$, 생균수는 $27\~50\%$ 감소 되었으며, 중합인산염 처리는 균의 동결 저항성을 약화 시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.409-415
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• 2017

This study aims to evaluate the effect of capping materials on blocking pollutant elution from contaminated sediment to water body. Experiments were carried out under conditions in which the elution rate was intensified artificially using compost with high concentration of organic compound and nutrient salts instead of sediments. Activated carbon (AC), modified activated carbon (MAC), P. putida immobilized activated carbon (PBAC) and effective microorganisms immobilized activated carbon (EBAC) were used as capping materials. Zeolite (ZT) and two kinds of commercially available microorganisms immobilized zeolite products (ZC, ZN) were used for comparison experiment. The elution rate of organic compound, nitrogen and phosphorus were compared with that of control experiment. The experiments were conducted for 56 days. Concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were measured to use the comparison of release rate of organic compound, nitrogen and phosphorus. From the experimental results, AC based materials showed better performance to block the elution of organic compound and nitrogen than ZT based materials. Although ZT based materials were more effective than AC and PBAC to block phosphorus, MAC and EBAC showed the best performance of phosphorus elution blocking among the all candidate materials. In conclusion, EBAC is considered as the most effective capping materials, because organic compound, nitrogen and phosphorus will be degraded continuously by EM in the long term.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2018

A sidestream contains the filtrate or concentrate from the belt filter press, filter backwash and supernatant from sludge digesters. The sidestream flow, which heads back into the sewage treatment train, is about 1-3% less than the influent flow. However, the sidestream can increase the nutrient load since it contains high concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen. In this study, the removal of PO4-P with organic matter characteristics and bacteriological changes during the sidestream treatment via ladle furnace (LF) slag was investigated. The sidestream used in this study consisted of 11-14% PO4-P and 3.2-3.6% soluble chemical oxygen demand in influent loading rates. LF slag, which had a relatively high $Ca^{2+}$ release compared to other slags, was used to remove $PO_4-P$ from the sidestream. The phosphate removal rates increased as the slag particle size decreased 19.1% (2.0-4.0 mm, 25.2% (1.0-2.0 mm) and 79.9% (0.5-1.0 mm). The removal rates of dissolved organic carbon, soluble chemical oxygen demand, color and aromatic organic matter ($UV_{254}$) were 17.6, 41.7, 90.2 and 77.3%, respectively. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices and liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection demonstrated that the sidestream treatment via LF slag was effective in the removal of biopolymers. However, the removal of dissolved organic matter was not significant during the treatment. The intact bacterial biomass decreased from $1.64{\times}10^8cells/mL$ to $1.05{\times}10^8cells/mL$. The use of LF slag was effective for the removal of phosphate and the removal efficiency of phosphate was greater than 80% for up to 100 bed volumes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.655-658
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• 2004

Heat stress is known to affect physiological systems in goats. This study investigated changes in nutrient digestibility, behavior and growth hormone secretion among goats in a hot environment (H; 35${\pm}$ 1.2$^{\circ}C$, [RH] 80${\pm}$7.2%, 13 d), and in a thermoneutral environment (T; 20${\pm}$0.6$^{\circ}C$, [RH] 80${\pm}$3.4%, 20 d), and accompanied by the same restricted diet as provided in the hot environment. The following results were obtained: rectal temperature and water intake were higher in the H treatment than in the T treatment or TR treatment, while hay consumption was lower. CP, NDF and ADF digestibility was highest in H treatment. Time spent eating in the H treatment was also the highest, followed in order by T treatment and TR treatment. Ruminating time was lower in H treatment than in T treatment or TR treatment, and reposing time was highest in the TR treatment. Growth hormone concentrations in T increased 4.5 h after feeding. In H, growth hormone concentrations increased 0.5 h after feeding. However, growth hormone concentrations were not changed following TR feeding. In conclusion, heat exposure in goats decreased feed intake, but increased digestibility. However, when goats in a thermoneutral environment received the same restricted feeding as they received in the hot environment, digestibility increased. Between the H treatment and TR treatment, the changes in digestibility were accomplished by coordinate changes in hormone secretion in order to maintain body homeostasis. To maintain energy balance under a hot temperature or a restricted feeding condition, goats may control their metabolism by changing growth hormone release.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제80권3호
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• pp.303-310
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• 1991

해송엽(海松葉) litter의 분해(分解)와 그에 따른 양분방출(養分放出)의 동태(動態)를 일본지방(日本地方)의 해안(海岸) 해송림(海松林)에서 litterbag법(法)으로 조사(調査)하였다. litter의 분해(分解)에 따른 건물중(乾物重)의 소실(消失)은 초기(初期) 1년간(年間)에 빨랐고 그후는 보다 둔화(鈍化)하였으며, 분해(分解) 1년동안의 소실율(消失率)은 약(約) 40%였다. 분해계수(分解係數)는 0.5-6.0, 반감기(半減期)(년(年))는 l.1-l.4의 범위였다. 분해(分解)에 따른 잔존(殘存) litter내의 N과 P의 양분농도(養分濃度)는 경시적(經時的)으로 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이었으나 K의 농도(濃度)는 감소(減少)하였다. K의 양분(養分)의 절대량(絶對量)은 분해(分解)가 진행(進行)하는 동안 현저히 감소하였으나 N의 절대량(絶對量)은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 분해(分解)에 따른 방출(放出)은 K>P>N의 순(順)이었다. 실험기간중 N의 무기화(無機化) 단계는 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.356-365
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• 2002

One of the most important factors that cause eutrophication is nutrient materials containing nitrogen and phosphorus which stem from excreation of terrestial sources and release from sediment. Therefore, to improve water quality, the reduction of these nutrients loads should be indispensible. At this study, the three-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic and ecosystem model, which was developed by Institute for Resources and Environment of Japan, were applied to analyze the processes affecting the eutrophication. The residual currents, which were obtained by integrating the simulated tidal currents over 1 tidal cycle, showed the presence of a typical counterclockwise eddies between Gyewha and Garyuk island. Density driven currents were generated westward at surface and eastward at the bottom in Saemankeum area where the fresh waters are flowing into, The ecosystem model was calibrated with the data surveyed in the field of the study area in annual average. The simulated results were fairly good coincided with the observed values within relative error of $30\%$. The simulations of DIN and DIP concentrations were performed using ecosystem model under the conditions of $40\~100\%$ pollution load reductions from pollution sources. In study area, concentration of DIN and DIP were reduced to $59\%$ and $28\%$ in case of the $80\%$ reduction of the input loads from fresh water respectively. But pollution loads from sediment had hardly affected DIN and DIP concentration, The $95\%$ input load abatement is necessary to meet the DIN and DIP concentration of second grade of ocean water quality criteria.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to present the standard for practical application of ginger herbal pharmacopuncture Material and Methods : We refer to ancient literatures and the recent papers for ginger. Conclusions : The following results have been obtained 1. The effect of ginger(Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is to "release exterior", "balance nutrient & defensive qi", "resolve phlegm", "arrest coughing", "warm the lungs". So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating fever, chilling sign, headchae, snuffle and gasping cough due to cold affection and treating the symptoms like sputum and asthma that be revealed by pulmonary disease. 2. The effect of ginger is to "warm spleen and stomach", "arrest vomiting" "promote normal flow of water". So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and diarrhea due to phlegm & dampness and treating edema. 3. The effect of ginger is to eliminate blood stasis. So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating contusion, blood stasis, sprain and gynecologic disease. 4. Ginger can treat myalgia and pain due to wind-damp and have anti-inflammatory effect in pharmacology. So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating disease of joint, ligament and muscle. 5. Ginger can resolve phlegm and resuscitate. So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating unconsciousness. But, treating incipient cardiovascular accident, it needs to call your special attention to the danger of blood pressure increase. 6. In pharmacology, ginger is effective for antitumor, antioxidant effects and activating immunocyte. So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating broadly varieties of tumor and allergic disease.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.513-519
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• 2010

A series of experiments were performed to study the influence of the following parameters on the physical traits and composition of swine manure compost: (1) addition of magnesium (Mg) at a molar ratio of 1.2 with respect to $PO_4$, and (2) reutilization of compost containing $MgNH_4PO_4{\cdot}6H_2O$ (magnesium ammonium phosphate, MAP). Three independent batch tests were conducted for replication: batch test I-control (C) and Mg added (T), batch test II-C, T and compost recycle ($T_{R1}$), and batch test III-C, T and compost recycle ($T_{R2}$). Magnesium addition and compost reutilization had no adverse effect on the degradation of organic matter. Reuse of the compost, however, had a clear effect on the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents in the final compost. Repeated compost reutilization as a bulking material was resulted in composts rich in N and P. Upon adding the Mg supplement to the composting materials, the ortho-phosphate (OP) to TP ratio decreased due to the MAP crystallization reaction. The decrease in the OP/TP ratio and the increase in the TP content of the compost indicate that water-soluble phosphate is converted into a slow-release phosphate by the formation of crystals during composting. X-ray diffraction analysis of the irregular shaped crystals in the compost indicated that they are MAP crystals and that the crystallization of MAP begins immediately after the addition of the Mg supplement. The Mg addition to composting materials and the reutilization of compost as a bulking material would be a practical means to conserve nutrient content.