• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.659-667
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• 2014

Fruits are good sources of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytochemicals, which are known to reduce serum lipids, oxidative damage, and blood pressure as well as improve blood glucose control. The purpose of this study was to estimate nutrient quality indices of fruits by carrying out a critical analysis of pre-existing methods according to their nutritional compositions. Four methods were used to assess the nutrient indices of 26 fruits, which are frequently consumed by Koreans based on the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009). Naturally nutrient rich score (NNR), nutrient rich food (NRF), nutrient adequacy score (NAS), and nutrient density score (NDS) were used to calculate nutrient quality indices. The Korean Nutrition Society Food Composition database of fruits based on 100 g edible portions was used. The algorithm of each method included the mean percentage of daily values (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, 2010) for particular nutrients based on consumption of 1,900 kcal/day. The relative score indicated that strawberries, kumquat, and lemon had high nutrient quality indices. In addition, mango, lemon, persimmon, strawberry, apricot, and tangerine fruits are rich in antioxidant nutrients such as ${\beta}$-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium. However, scores of nutrient quality indices did not imply that higher scores of particular fruits are superior. We suggest moderate seasonable consumption a variety of fruits. Our results can be used as a reference for consumers when they choose fruits.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.210-222
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• 2004

In recent years, the number and proportion of Korean elderly have grown rapidly, and elderly individuals show a disproportionate risk for poor nutritional status. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of sociodemographic background to nutrient intake of persons 65 years of age or older, living in 15 cities in Korea. Data on 1973 subjects (603 males, 1370 females), who participated in the Korean Elderly Nutrition Survey (2000), were analyzed. Their mean age was 72.3 years and their mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.2 kg/$m^2$. Basic sociodemographic data were obtained through personal interviews. The 98-item semi-food frequency questionnaire, developed and previously validated for Korean middle-aged and elderly subjects, was administered. “Percentage of subjects who consumed under 75％ Korean RDA,” “number of nutrients consumed below 75％ Korean RDA,” “mean nutrient adequacy ratio,” and “nutrient density” were used to determine nutritional status. Male elderly had better nutritional quality than female elderly. Nutritional quality decreased with age, especially in older elderly (over 75). Elderly who were underweight (BMI 〈 20 kg/$m^2$) showed poorer nutritional quality than those who were normal weight (BMI 20∼25 kg/$m^2$) and overweight (BMI $\geq$ 25 kg/$m^2$). Elderly who lived alone had significantly poorer nutritional quality than those who lived with a spouse, and/or with children. Lower education level and economic dependence also showed lower nutritional quality. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of specific sociodemographic factors on nutritional quality. For number of nutrients under 75％ RDA as a dependent variable, education level explained 4.8％ of the variance, followed by living status, age, body mass index, gender, and living expense support (Model $R^2$ = 0.091). For mean nutrient adequacy ratio as a dependent variable, model $R^2$ was 0.098. Therefore, sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, body mass index, living status, educational level, and economic status influenced elderly nutrition status. These results indicate that an elderly nutrition intervention should focus on subjects who are poorly educated, living alone, age 75 or older, and/or underweight.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.486-494
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• 2001

This study was performed to assess the nutrient intakes and diet quality of rural middle school students provided with and without the national school lunch program(NSLP). The data on dietary intakes were obtained by using food record method questionnaires which were collected from 340 rural middle school students provided with(n=177) and without (n=163) NSLP. Diet quality was accessed by NAR(nutrient adequacy ration), MAR(mean adequacy ration), and INQ( index of nutritional quality). Total energy intakes of the boys were 2123 kcal with NSLP and 1857 kcal without NSLP. Total energy intakes of the girls were 1913 kcal with NSLP and 1814 kcal without NSLP. Phosphorus, vitamin A, vitamin E, ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin intakes were above the RDA in the NSLP group. For those without NLSP, phosphorus, vitamin E, thiamin intakes were above RDA, however, calcium, iron vitamin A, vitamin $B_6$ were less than the RDA. The mean adequacy ration(MAR), an index of dietary quality was 0.69(with) 0.62(without) for males and 0.62(without) for females The indexes of nutritional quality(INQ) were over 1 for most nutrients except calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$ and zinc. The study showed that total daily energy and nutrient intakes were significantly higher in students provided with than those without school-lunches. Thus, the school-lunch program is recommenced and necessary to improve the nutritional status of middle school students.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.655-662
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• 2005

Body content bone mined density and nutrient intake status of 129 college women in Daegu area are analyze4 The mean age was 23.1 years. Bone mineral density was measured in their right heel by SONOST-2000 ultrasound bone densitometer, and nutrient intake was assessed by a Questionnaire. Diet intake data were obtained by using a 24 hours recall method to evaluate the subject's usual diet. The average energy, Ca, Ee, Zn and folate intakes were 64.2, 47.5, 54.7, 62.9 and $57.4\%$ of RDA, respectively. Ca/P and Ca/Protein ratio were 0.46 and 6.7, respectively. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality wag 0.6. The index of nutritional quality was under 1.0 for protein(0.7), vitamin A(0.9), E(0.7), $B_1(0.8)$, niacin(0.8), $B_6(0.6)$ and phosphorus(0.6). The less the protein and energy intake, the less the bone mineral density(p<0.05). The intakes of protein(p<0.05) and that of phosphorus(p<0.001) were positively correlated with bone quality index(BQI). The calcium intake was positively correlated with Z-score(p<0.05). The phosphorus intake was positively correlated with T-score(p<0.001) and Z-score(p<0.0001). In conclusion, this study indicates that nutrient intake of the college women is considerably lower than the RDA. Also the BQI is lower than standard.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.306-316
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• 2001

This study investigated the correlations between nutrient intake and dietary attitudes in Korean school dietitians. A total of 493 school dietitians working in the Kangwon and Kyungnam areas participated in this study. The subjects were classified as the good group(33.5%), fair group(36.9%) and bad group(29.6%) based on dietary attitude score. The results were as follows. The average intake of energy, calcium, and iron were lower than the Korean RDA and average CPF ratio of energy intake was 64 : 17 : 19. The percent RDAs of nutrient intake of energy, calcium, iron and vitamin B$_1$were lower in the bad group than those in the fair group and good groups(p < 0.001). The mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, were different among the three groups(p < 0.001), the highest was 0.96 in the good group, the lowest was 0.88 in the bad group. The index of nutritional quality(INQ) was significantly higher in the good group than the other groups. The nutrient intakes were positively correlated with dietary attitudes(p < 0.01). The nutrient intakes, INQ, NAR and MAR were significantly increased as the dietary attitude score increased.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.1205-1215
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• 2002

To evaluate the change for water quality after the water gate operation in Shiwha lake, in situ survey were conducted on september in 2000 and January, march, jane in 2001. Chemical characteristics and eutrophication level was estimated from the survey data. The water quality of the Shihwa lake was greatly affected by pollutant load from rainfall, and formation of stratification in summer and winter was increased to effect on nutrient release from sediment. Especially, high concentration of chlorophyll-a was occurred in autumn, due to increased nutrient, high water temperature and low salinity after rainfall runoff. The mean concentration of DIN, DIP were 0.346mg/L, 0.0217mg/L in surface water and 0.826mg/L, 0.0415mg/L in bottom water, respectively, which were over III grade of seawater standard. Also high percentage of ammonia nitrogen to DIN in bottom water for autumn and winter was affected by released nutrient from sediment. Correlation analysis of chlorophyll-a versus TSS was shown that organic matter was affected by autochthonous organic matter stem from the algae, these factor showed reverse correlation about salinity. Closely correlations among to the water quality constituent in continuity survey was appeared. The results of eutrophication index estimation showed the high potentiality of red tide occurrence in Shiwha lake, particularity in summer or fall. Overall water quality was greatly improve to compared with measuring data during 1997~1998 at the beginning water gate operation, which reported by KORDI. Therefore, to improve of water quality in Shiwha lake, we need to establish of management plan about nutrient release from sediment, rainfall runoff, maximum of seawater exchange.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.423-432
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• 2015

Objectives: In Korea, the percentage of elderly is increasing at an unprecedented rate, and is expected to account for 40% of the population by 2060. This massive demographic change stresses the importance of research on aging as it is necessary to improve the quality of life (QoL) of this population. This study aimed to examine the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of the rural elderly and to clarify its association with the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR). Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in S-gun, Chonbuk, a critical agricultural area. The elderly people without abnormal physical functioning composed our study population and the data were collected by personal visits to 336 elderly people aged over 65 years (110 males and 226 females). Subjects were interviewed with questionnaires pertaining to general characteristics and EuroQol (EQ-5D). Nutrient intakes were assessed two days by 24-hours recall method. Subjects were defined as high QOL group if EQ-5D index with Nam's model was above the median. Results: Generally, EQ-5D index was lower in women than in man, and lower in older subjects than in younger subjects. The percentages of people below the median were 42% (low QoL group) and 58% (high QoL group) were found to be the above the median. The high QoL group had higher NAR, especially for vitamin C, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and folate. All dimensions in the EQ-5D were affected by NAR of some nutrients and especially anxiety/depression dimension was significantly correlated with NAR of 5 nutrients (protein, calcium, iron, vitamin C and vitamin B1) and EQ-5D scores. Conclusions: HRQol was significantly reduced in elderly with increasing age and this was more pronounced in women than in man. The NAR of some nutrients were associated with the EQ-5D index, especially anxiety/depression dimension, among rural elderly.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.73-86
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• 2006

Concentrated poultry production in the State of Alabama, U.S.A. results in excessive poultry litter. Application of poultry litter to pastures and row crops serves as a cheap alternative to commercial fertilizer. However, over the years, poultry litter application to perennial forage crops in the Appalachian Plateau region of North Alabama has resulted in phosphorus (P) buildup in soils. Phosphorus index (P-index) and comprehensive nutrient management plans (CNMP) are often used as a best management practice (BMP) for proper land application of litter. Because nutrient management planning is often not done for small animal feeding operations (AFOs), and also because, in case of excess litter, litter transportation infrastructure has not been developed, over application of poultry litter to near by area is a common practice. To alleviate this problem, optimal poultry litter management and transportation infrastructure needs to be developed. This paper presents a methodology to optimize poultry litter application and transportation through efficient nutrient management planning and transportation network analysis. The goal was accomplished through implementation of three important modules, a P-Index module, a CNMP module, and a transportation network analysis module within ArcGIS, a Geographic Information System (GIS). The CNMP and P-Index modules assist with land application of poultry litter at a rate that is protective of water quality, while the transportation network analysis module helps transport excess litter to areas requiring litter in the Appalachian Plateau and Black Belt (a nutrient-deficient area) regions. Once fully developed and implemented, such a system will help alleviate water quality problems in the Appalachian Plateau region and poor soil fertility problems in the Black Belt region by optimizing land application and transportation. The utility of the methodology is illustrated through a hypothetical case study.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.403-415
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the nutrient and food intake status, and dietary quality in Korean adults according to abdominal obesity based on waist circumference. Methods: We analyzed data from the combined 2010~2012 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). The analysis included 6,974 adults aged 40 to 64 years. In this study, according to abdominal obesity based on waist circumference (male ${\geq}$ 90 cm, female ${\geq}$ 85 cm), we classified the subjects into the obesity group (male, n = 775, female, n = 1,113) and control group (male, n = 2,038, female, n = 3,048). The nutrient and food group intake, ND (nutrient density), NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), MAR (mean adequacy ratio), INQ (index of nutritional quality), DDS (dietary diversity score), and DVS (dietary variety score) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. Results: For male, no significant difference in quality index of the diet was observed between the obesity group and the normal group. In female, in diet quality (ND, NAR, and INQ), vitamin $B_2$ (ND, NAR, and INQ) calcium (NAR), phosphorous (ND, INQ) and potassium (ND) of the obesity group was significantly lower than those of the control group. DDS and DVS in the obesity group (3.57, 30.95) were significantly lower than those of the control group (3.68, 32.84) (p = 0.0043, 0.0002). DVS (DVS ${\geq}$ 39.9) showed association with lower risk of waist obesity in a logistic regression model after adjustments for multiple confounding factors including age, education, income, alcohol intake frequency, smoking, physical activity, energy intake, and body mass index (OR: 0.616, 95% CI: 0.420-0.903). Conclusion: In conclusion, females with abdominal obesity had lower micronutrient intake quality, DVS than those of the control group. In Korean females, food intake variety can adversely affect waist circumference.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.500-512
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• 2010

The relationship between food and nutrient intake, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and body weight was investigated with high school girls residing in Seoul. As subjects, 159 girls were divided into a normal weight (NW) group (18.5 kg/$m^2$ $\leq$ BMI < 23 kg/$m^2$, n = 110) and an overweight (OW) group (BMI $\geq$ 23kg/$m^2$, n = 49) by body mass index (BMI). The food and nutrient intake data obtained by the 3-day food record were analyzed by Can pro 3.0 software. Anthropometric measurements were collected from each subject. Daily dietary GI (DGI) and dietary GL (DGL) were calculated from the 3-day food record. Body weights and BMI of NW were 52.4 kg and 20.4 kg/$m^2$ and those of OW were 65.2 kg and 25.4 kg/$m^2$, respectively. Total food, animal food, and other food intakes of NW were higher than those of OW, and vegetable food intakes of NW were lower than those of OW. Sugars intake of NW was significantly higher than OW. Nutrient intakes were not different between the two groups. Dietary fiber, calcium, and folate intakes of NW and OW were under 65% of the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Major food sources of energy intake for both groups were rice, pizza, ice cream, pork, instant noodle, and chicken. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, was higher in NW (0.82) than in OW (0.80). Mean daily DGI of NW and OW was 66.5 and 66.4, respectively. Mean daily DGL of NW and OW was higher in NW (162.0) than in OW (155.9). DGI and DGL adjusted to energy intake were not significantly correlated with anthropometric data.