• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.18-31
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary behaviors as well as energy and nutrient intake in elementary and middle school students according to breakfast eating status. The survey was conducted using questionnaires and dietary records among 191 elementary school students and 280 middle school students residing in Chungnam. The subjects were divided into two groups according to frequency of eating breakfast: breakfast skipping (frequency of eating breakfast under 4 times/week) and breakfast eating (frequency of eating breakfast over 5 times/week). The rate of breakfast skipping was 27.2% for the elementary school students and 31.1% for the middle school students. The breakfast skipping group had a significantly lower frequency of having dinner, a lower proportion of eating at regular meal times, and a significantly higher frequency of leaving food after meals than the breakfast eating group for both elementary and middle school students. In the case of the elementary students, there was a significant difference in carbohydrate intake between the two groups. In the case of the middle school students, the intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin C, Ca, and Fe in the breakfast skipping group were significantly lower than those in the breakfast eating group. These results show that nutrient deficiencies among breakfast skipping individuals cannot be compensated for at the other meals during the day in middle school-aged adolescents whose nutrient requirements are high for growth. Therefore, in support of proper dietary management, it is necessary to promote and support breakfast eating in adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.531-540
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• 2012

This study was carried out in order to investigate the status of food and nutrient intakes depending on the types of chronic disease of the elderly at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 299 elderly over the age of 60 (82 men and 217 women); they were grouped by the disease status: normal, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and arthritis patients groups. The dietary intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall and analyzed by CAN-Pro 4.0; they were then compared with the dietary reference intakes for the Korean (KDRIs). In the results of anthropometric data according to chronic disease, the waist circumference of the normal group in males and females was lower than the other groups; in particular, the normal female group showed a lower level of waist-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI) and body fat % than those of the other groups. The arthritis group showed a higher intake of milk products than the other groups (p < 0.05); consequently, calcium intake was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). Vitamin A intake in the arthritis group was significantly higher than the intake in the normal and DM groups (p < 0.01). Normal and arthritis groups showed significantly higher intake of zinc and copper than the CVD group (p < 0.01). In general, about 80% of the subjects in this study revealed insufficient intakes of riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, dietary fiber, vitamin D, biotin and potassium, compared with the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI). However, sodium intake of all groups was higher than the AI of KDRIs. In conclusion, nutrient intake, according to the chronic disease, showed significant difference in some of the micronutrients, vitamin A, Ca, Zn and Cu. Therefore, we suggest that dietary guidelines, such as reducing the intake of salty foods and sweet drinks and increasing the intake of foods with sufficient calcium, vitamin D and vitamin C, are necessary to the improvement of eating habits for the elderly.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2003

This study investigated associations between nutrient intake, lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) , and bone mineral content (BMC) among 33 ovariectomized women (mean age =47.2 y) . Forty-five premenopausal women participated as a control group. The BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine (L$_2$-L$_4$) were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Nutrient intake was estimated by the convenient method and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire was designed for this study that included the most commonly consumed foods sources of calcium. Participants were asked to identify all daily physical activities, and the number of hours per activity. The participants were also grouped by calcium intake. The total calcium intake of all participants was estimated by dietary calcium intake and then the subjects were divided into quartiles to assess the lumbar BMD and BMC of the highest quartile and the lowest quartile of calcium intake. The ovariectomized women consumed 602 mg/d of calcium which is 86% of RDA. There were significant differences in lumbar BMD and BMC between control and ovariectomized group. Within ovariectomized group the highest quartile calcium intake group had significantly greater lumbar bone mineral density and bone mineral content than the lowest quartile calcium intake group. Correlation analysis revealed that the ALP was positively associated with calcium index in control women, while ALP was positively associated with energy intake in ovariectomized women. And body weight was positively correlated with the spinal BMD and BMC in all women. The spinal BMD was negatively associated with menarche age, number of child, and the age of last child delivery, and age in control women. However, neither menarche age nor the age of last child delivery were associated with both spinal BMD in ovariectomized women. These results confirmed that ovariectomized and low calcium intake is associated with poor bone mineral density. Energy and calcium intake and adequate body weight should be recommended in ovariectomized women to prevent osteoporosis.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.393-402
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and to compare the dietary behaviors, nutrient intake and physical activities of specialized game high school students. Total of 163 subjects participated and their weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and bone status by a quantitative ultrasound method were measured. The subjects were surveyed by a self-administered questionnaire about general characteristics, dietary behaviors and physical activities. Nutrient intakes of the subjects were assessed by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The subjects were divided into four groups on their obesity level by BMI. The prevalence of underweight, normal, overweight and obese group was 6%, 58%, 16%, and 20% respectively. BMI was negatively correlated with bone mineral density (p < 0.01) and positively correlated with WHR (p < 0.01). The dietary guideline compliance score for "Enjoy Korean rice food style" was 2.63, followed by "Prepare food sanitarily"2.48, "Do not skip breakfast"2.29, "Eat a variety of vegetables, fruits, dairy products daily"2.25, "Drink water instead of beverage"2.10, "Choose less fried foods"2.09 and "Maintain healthy weight"1.91. The exercise frequency of walking was not significantly different between groups; however, heavy exercise frequency was significantly lower in underweight group than the other groups (p < 0.05). The energy intake was 2153 kcal, which was 81.2% of the Estimate Energy Requirement, and the intake of calcium and vitamin $B_2$ was 66.7% and 77.8% of KDRIs. Particularly, the intake of iron, vitamin A and vitamin C was about 59.4%, 52.2% and 55.4% of KDRIs and INQ was 0.71, 0.63 and 0.65 respectively, and intake of folic acid fell behind 39.1% of KDRIs and INQ was 0.46. Our study suggests that the systematic and continuous nutrition education will have to be provided at schools to improve dietary and health behaviors and prevent chronic metabolic disease for students of specialized game high school.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.583-594
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• 2021

This study examined the nutrient intake of Korean adults by considering the lunch type, categorized as home meals (HM), eating out (EO), and institutional meals (IM). Data was obtained from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Totally, 3,786 adults (1,643 men, and 2,143 women) aged between 19-64 years were included in the study. Subjects with daily energy intake of less than 500 kcal or over 5,000 kcal, and those who skipped lunch, were excluded. The percentage of subjects in the HM, EO, and IM were 31.9, 53.6, and 14.4%, respectively. The daily energy intakes of the HM, EO, and IM groups were determined to be 2,185, 2,360, and 2,339 kcal, respectively, in men, and 1,622, 1,731, and 1,741 kcal, respectively, in women. Among the three groups, men in the EO group had more intake of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and riboflavin, and less dietary fiber, and whereas women consumed more fat and less dietary fiber and potassium. In the IM group, the men consumed more dietary fiber, potassium, and thiamine, whereas consumption of carbohydrate, unsaturated fatty acid, sodium, potassium, and thiamine was more in women. Energy contributions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were all within the AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges) for all lunch types, except for the percent of energy provided from saturated fat in EO (7.4% in men, and 8.2% in women). Our results indicate that the dietary habit of frequently eating out increases the fat intake, thereby resulting in increased health risks for adults. Thus, implementation of a nutritional education program to encourage balanced dietary habits is required to improve the nutritional status of individuals eating out.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.143-158
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• 2006

The study examined nutritional conditions to enhance the quality of meals and to provide the basic data for more proper dietary life of college students. Our analysis was based on the body measurement, food intake and food habits for 200 students of Chung-Nam. The nutrient intake was examined using the 24-hour recall method. The data were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program and then the diet quality was estimated using the Mean Adequacy Ratio(MAR), the Nutrient Adequacy Ratio(NAR) and the Index of Nutritional Quality(INQ). The average weight and height of male students were $67.57{\pm}8.66kg,\;174.64{\pm}5.87cm$, while those of female students were $53.46{\pm}6.86kg,\;159.10{\pm}4.19cm$, respectively. The total energy intake of the male students was $3221.71{\pm}200.39kcal$, while that of the female students was $1884.67{\pm}100.93kcal$. The male students are higher than female in % of RDA. The percentages of carbohydrate, protein and lipid for male students were $57.18{\pm}7.83%,\;15.15{\jpm}3.36%\;and\; 27.67{\pm}6.68%$, while those of female students were $58.77{\pm}7.68%,\;15.51{\pm}4.55%\;and\;25.72{\pm}6.20%$, respectively. There was no significant difference in calcium intakes for both groups, however they are less than the RDA. In terms of iron, the male students took $16.98{\pm}5.57mg$ and the female students took $11.35{\pm}2.68mg$, with significant difference (p<0.001). The male and female students showed sufficient intake of vitamins, with significant difference between two groups except for vitamin A. The mean MAR, an index of overall dietary quality, was significantly higher in the male students than female students(p<0.01). Male and female students enjoying two meals or more a day were 59%, and those having enough time for one meal or less a day were 36.5%. Male and female students having no breakfast were 39%. Male and female students having vegetables intake were 53.5%, and having milk or milk products every day were 29.5% of them. In conclusion, nutritional education is recommended to increase the calcium intake and fruit and vegetable consumption for dietary fiber, and to emphasize regularity of meal time.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the food and nutrient intake status and eating-out practices of college students. A dietary survey of 361 subjects living in urban areas was conducted by using a 3-day diet record method. The average ages of the male and female subjects were 22.0 and 20.6 years old, respectively. Monthly personal expenses of the male and female students were 316,517 won and 296,888 won, respectively. 43.1% of the male and 50.8% of the female students used between one-quarter and one-half of their monthly personal expenses for eating out. Sixty-five percent of the total subjects ate out more than five times a week The average daily total food intake was 1630.7g in the males and 1453.9g in the females. The average percentage of total food intake from eating out (by weight) was 60.6% in the males and 56.2% in the females; foods eaten out were mainly potatoes, meats, processed foods, and beverages. It was found that 40-65% of daily total nutrient intake came from food eaten out. When they ate out, the male students ate slightly higher amounts of protein, fat and vitamin B1, while the female students ate relatively higher amounts of animal protein, fat, vitamin A and cholesterol. The more the subjects ate out, the more the quantity of total food intake increased. This increase resulted from high intakes of beverages and processed foods in the males, while the increase was from total plant foods, mushrooms, beverages, and milk and dairy products, in the females. The dietary variety score (DVS) was significantly increased in the female subjects when they ate out more than once a day; otherwise, the DVS was not significantly different between any of the male and female groups. The intakes of energy, and of many nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and cholesterol, were increased when the female subjects ate out more than twice a day. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was at its highest level of 0.65 in the males when they ate out less than once a day, and at its highest level of 0.67 in the females when they ate out more than twice a day.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.726-732
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 한국인 영양권장량 제 6차 개정에 수록된 자료, 식이 섭취 회상표, 식품의 섭 취량 및 목측량, 일반 상황분석 자료들을 database로 사용하여 하루 동안 섭취한 식품 및 영양소 함량을 신속하게 분석하고, 신체에 대한 일반 상황을 진단 및 평가할 수 있는 프로 그램을 개발하였다. 사용자는 개인자료입력 항목에 자 신의 이름, 성 별, 나이, 키, 체중 및 활동 정도를 입력하므로서 자신의 체중 범위, 표준 체중, 비만도, 기초 대사량, 체중과 활동 정도에 따른 열량 필요량, 1일 열량 필요량 및 이들의 섭취 열랑과의 과부족을 비교 평가한 자료를 얻을 수 있으며, 만약 사용자가 비만이 라면 체 중을 감소하기 위한 1일 열량 필요량도 얻을 수 있다 또한 음식 입력 항목에 자신이 섭취한 식품들을 24시간 식이섭취 회상법에 의하여 입력하므로서 식사구성안의 식품군별로 섭취횟수가 분석된 후 한국인 영양권장량 6차 개정안에 설정된 표준 섭취 횟수와 비교 평가되었다. 식사구성안의 식품군별 섭취량은 각각 열량 및 영양소별로 분석 평가되었고, 1일 영양소 섭취량을 권장량에 대하여 그래프로 나타내므로서 섭취된 영양소의 과부족을 쉽게 이 해할 수 있게 하였다. 식이지방질은 그 구성지방산의 종류에 따라 인체에 미치는 영향이 다르기 때문에 지방질 섭취상태를 분석함으로서 자신의 콜레스테롤 및 구성지방산의 섭취상태를 파악할 수 있도록 하였다. 식사별 열량 및 영양소 섭취상태를 분석하여 각각의 영양소들이 어느 식사에서 섭취되는지를 쉽게 파악할 수 있게 하였으며, 식사별 열량영양소 섭취에 대한 구성비를 그래픽 분석하여 매 식사 때마다 섭취되는 열량영양소의 비율을 그림으로 쉽게 평가할 수 있도록 하였다. 따라서 본 프로그램을 이용함으로서 개인과 집단의 식품 및 영양소 섭취상태에 대한 분석 평가를 신속하게 처리할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 균형 잡힌 식단을 계획하는데 유용한 자료로 이용될 수 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.72-80
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary-intake and that of health by mean of questionarie and interview for male and female old persons living in Seoul area. The contents of study included general aspects, physical status and health, nutrient intake, and food intake frequency. The results from the above survey are summarized as follows ; 1. The age group in the range of 60 to 79 years old was 71%, and the average number of family was 4.9. The educational level was 56% of elderly persons were elementary or middle school graduates . 42.8% of elderly persons had an average monthly income of \490,000 to 300,000. 2. The aged average height, weight, and physical index were 164.9cm, 55.8kg and 20.4 in male, 152.7cm, 46.0kg and 20.3 in female which were lower than the Korean average standard. (male; 167.0cm, 61.0kg, female; 156.0cm, 55.0kg) In the degree of health self-consciousness, percentage distribution of poor and very poor was 29% in male, 59% in female. Among the condition of disease, neuralgia was 23.8%, hypertension was 17.2%, diabetes was 5.4%. 3. Average daily calorie intake was $63.9{\sim}70.4%$ for male and $76.4{\sim}83.9%$ for female which were lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans. Protein intake was $42.9{\sim}57.3g$ (which was $72.8{\sim}82.6%$ RDA) for elderly person, the proportion of animal protein to total protein intake were $24.3{\sim}28.2%$($12.9{\sim}16.2g$). Iron, Vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$ Niacin intake exceeded the RDA, but the intake of Calcium, Vitamin C were far less than that of RDA. 4. In the correlations between nutritional intakes and environmental factors and health, economic living situations and educational level as the factors which might influence the condition of nutritional intake was significant(P<0.01). 5. Food intake frequency of meats, fishes, eggs, for average of $1{\sim}2$ days per week were $44.8{\sim}50.5%$, that of milk and milk products for scarecely week were 42.9.% Correlation of food intake frequency was divided three levels-good, fair, poor. Food intake frequency as the factors which might influence the condition of nutritional intake was significant(P<0.01). The results of the survey reveal that many of elderly show evidence of general nutrient intake deficiency, it requires first of all importance of nutrition to improve nutritional level through to promotion of elderly health.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 1998

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status of elementary school lunch programs. The subjects of this study consisted of 170 elementary school students(male 51.8% : female 48.2%) in the 5th and 6th grades. The dietary intake of nutrients was assessed by the modified 24-hour recall method. The results are summarized as follows: the average body weight was 41.3$\pm$7.93kg for boys and 40.5$\pm$ 8.35kg for girls. The average height was 149.5$\pm$5.88cm for boys and 146.2$\pm$5.82cm for girls. The total daily energy and nutrient intake was below the RDA's except for the intake of niacin and ascorbic acid. School lunchs provided 31.5% of total energy intake ; 32.5% of carbohydrate intake, 31.9% of protein intake and 33.4% of fat intake. Therefore, school lunchs largely contributed to the nutritional balance of these children. The food habit score was poor for 40.6% of the subjects.