• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.237-249
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• 2002

This study was done to evaluate the nutritional status and the desirable time and period for making dietary records in male high school Taekwondo athletes. Nutrient and flood intake was investigated using dietary record method during usual training (UT, for 29 days) and special training (ST, for 17 days) periods in nine Taekwondo athletes. Nutrient intake by 7-d and 3-d dietary record were compared to the standard nutrient intake, which was computed from dietary record during total period of UT or ST. Total mean energy intake was 2278 kcal, 84% of RDA, and mean intakes of riboflavin, Ca and Fe were less than 77% of RDA. Mean intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, cholesterol, thiamin, riboflavin, and P decreased during ST (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Mean intakes of vegetables and grains ware the highest in the two periods and following were beverages and instant floods in UT, and meats and fruits in ST. During ST, mean intakes of mushrooms, meats and their products, and instant floods decreased, and sugars and sweets increased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The contribution of grains and their products, instant floods, and meats and their products to mean intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat were high. In snacks, the contribution of instant floods, breads and confections and beverages was high. During UT, cholesterol intake at weeks 1 and 3, and intakes of protein, fat, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin at week 4 by 7-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Intakes of VA, Ca and Fe at week 1, and intakes of carbohydrates, cholesterol rind crude fiber at week 4 by 3-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). During ST, VC intake at week 5, and energy intake from carbohydrate and cholesterol intake at week 6 by 7-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Cholesterol intake at week 7, and energy intake from carbohydrates and fat, and intakes of protein, fat, cholesterol and riboflavin by 3-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 o. p < 0.01). In conclusion, empty-calorie floods can be a main source of diet and snacks for Taekwondo athletes, and education about desirable nutrients and floods intakes is needed to help them control their weight. When investigating the nutritional status of Taekwondo athletes in the future, the 7-day or 3-day dietary record is desirable provided they are conducted in the milddle of each period artier distinguishing UT from ST period.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.343-355
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• 2013

This study analyzed the dietary habits and nutrient intake status of adult drinkers in Korea. Alcohol drinking patterns were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Among 4,968 persons, 91.5% were drinkers. Classification of their drinking patterns by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score showed 64.5% of the drinkers were normal drinkers, 22.4% problem drinkers and 13.2% alcohol-dependent drinkers. Overall, 47% of the drinkers were considered alcohol-dependent in the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen (RAPS4). Significant differences were found between those who abstained from alcohol (86.8%) and alcohol-dependent drinkers (68.9%); when asked about breakfast habits 73.4% of non-drinkers often had family meals, while only 55.4% of the alcohol-dependent drinkers had family meals. Dietary energy, alcohol energy, and total energy intake significantly increased for the alcohol-dependents (P<0.001). In addition, the intake of eight nutrients (protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, calcium, phosphorous and iron), significantly increased in the following order (least to highest): abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P <0.05). Nutrient Adequacy Ratios (NAR) of all nutrients, except vitamin C, and the Mean nutrient Adequacy Ratio (MAR) significantly increased in the following order (least to highest): abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P<0.05). The intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin per 1,000 kcal, according to drinking pattern, decreased in the order of abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol, and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P<0.001). The above results show that the nutrient intake of normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol, and alcohol-dependent drinkers are higher than abstainers. However, overall intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin per 1,000 kcal was low. Therefore it is necessary to increase vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin intake for drinkers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.12 s.214
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• pp.61-78
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• 2005

This study was peformed to assess the relationships among bone mineral density(BMD), nutrient intake and lifestyle factors in postmenopausal women. A trained nutritionist examined the interviewed usual dietary intake and physical activity of 85 subjects in Chungnam with a questionnaire interview, and BMDs of the lumbar spines($L_2-L_4$), femoral necks(FN), ward's triangles(WT) and trochanters(TR) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The BMDs(T-score) of $L_2-L_4$, FN, and WT were $0.996g/cm^2(-1.601),\;0.697g/cm^2(-1.697)$, and $0.793g/cm^2(-1.512)$, respectively, which were assessed as osteopenia by T-score,. and TR was normal at $0.718g/cm^2(-0.675)$. Subjects included 85 in Chungnam were divided into three groups according to the BMD measurement of the $L_2-L_4$ and FN assessed by T-score. The percentages of the osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal groups were $32.9\%,\;42.4\%$ and $24.7\%$ respectively. The average age was significantly the highest of the osteoporosis group than in the other two osteopenia or normal groups(P<0.001). Among lifestyle factors, the BMD of lifestyles was significantly related with exercise but it was not significant with medication., salt. intake, bone fracture, coffee consumption, drinking and smoking. The nutrient intake of the subjects was most nutrient intake adequate to the Korean RDA level for most nutrients excepting energy intakes and calcium. The BMD of lumbar spines $L_2-L_4$ showed significant positive association with the intake of most nutrients except carbohydrate, especially in the normal group. The Higher BMD levels were found for those with high intake of protein and vitamin B1. The BMDs of $L_2-L_4$, and FN were positively correlated with showed energy expenditure, exercise, miscellaneous activity, per weekend and week(P<0.05) in normal group but that was showed negatively correlated in the osteopenia group. Therefore, this study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone less in postmenopausal women is to maintain an adequate intake of calcium and other nutrients and regular physical activity.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.112-124
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• 2024

This study investigated the factors associated with HINT-8 (Korean health-related quality of life instrument with eight items), including health habits, hand grip strength, chronic disease, chewing function, mental health, and nutrient intake. In this study, the health-related quality of life (HRQoL; HINT-8) was assessed using the data from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VIII) among Koreans aged over 65, with HINT-8 being evaluated based on the general characteristics. Of the participants from KNHANES VIII, 1,455 subjects were analyzed using SPSS statistics complex samples (Windows ver. 27.0). The HINT-8 score was significantly lower in females and in those aged 75 years or older, lowest educational level, lowest income level, and single households. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for the general characteristics, revealed a significant association between a lower HINT-8 group and various factors: low aerobic physical activity (OR=1.71, 95% CI=1.25~2.35), low hand grip strength (OR=1.34, 95% CI=1.02~1.78), chewing difficulties (OR=2.17, 95% CI=1.62~2.92), poor self-rated health status (OR=6.11, 95% CI=4.42~8.45), stressful mental status (OR=3.57, 95% CI=2.27~5.63) and poor calcium status (OR=1.45, 95% CI=1.11~1.88). On the other hand, this study could not reveal a significant association between a lower HINT-8 group and factors such as smoking, drinking, chronic disease, and nutrient intake status, except for calcium intake. This study suggests that HINT-8 is associated with aerobic physical activity, hand grip strength, chewing function, mental health, and calcium intake, but not with smoking, drinking, chronic disease, and nutrient intake.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.663-675
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• 1995

It has been proposed that differences in diet between smokers and nonsmokers may partially explain the positive association between cigarette smoking and chronic diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease. To investigate the potential for this confounding, the authors studied the relation between cigarette smoking and dietary pattern including nutrient intake in 152 Korean elderly people aged 59∼84years. Dietary intake was determined by a 24-hour recall method and a food frequency questionnaire. Male smokers were lighter than nonsmokers and had a lower body mass index(BMI)(p<0.05). But there were no differences in body weight and BMI between female smokers and nonsmokers. Female smokers had lower intakes of energy and carbohydrates than nonsmokers(p<0.05), but in male, smokers and nonsmokers did not show the difference in energy intake. The mean intake of fiber, protein, fat, minerals, and vitamins did not vary significantly by smoking status. However, both male and female smokers consumed fewer fruits than nonsmokers and ate fresh fruits less often than nonsmokers. The total food frequency score which reflect dietary quality of smokers was lower than those of nonsmokers(p<0.05). Male exsmokers' diet were similar to those of smokers, but in female, dietary patterns of exsmokers were similar to those of nonsmokers. These results confirm that elderly smokers have partially different nutrient and food intake patterns from nonsmokers. The decreased ingestion of fruits and less balanced diet by cigarette smokers could contribute to their increased risks of chronic disease compared with those by nonsmokers. The increased ingestion of nutrients and improved nutritional balance in the diet of exsmokers may help to reduce their risks as well.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.654-661
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• 2000

Hypertension is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease which is considered the leading cause of death in Korea. Since nonpharmarologic dietary intervention is recommended as the first step in the management of hypertension, evaluation of intervention programs is needed to formulate strategies for improving patients' dietary adherence. This study was designed to evaluate the overall effectiveness of a hypertension nutrition education program (HNEP) at a public health center, by assessing changes in nutrition knowledge, food attitude, self-efficacy, dietary behavior, and nutrient intake after program completion. An HNEP was conducted in Suwon city for 5 months in 1999 by a public health center. The program provided 3 sessions of group education with individual nutrition counseling. Thirty-five patients participated fully in the program out of 62 enrollees. Data about nutrition knowledge, food attitude, self-efficacy, dietary behavior, and intake (24-hour recall) were collected before (baseline) and after the program. Post program results indicate the following : 1) nutrition knowledge and perception of importance of nutrition significantly increased, 2) food attitudes also improved, 3) the self-efficacy for maintaining a low salt diet was increased significantly, whereas self-efficacy for maintaining a low fat diet or dietary guidelines was not improved, 4) frequency of intake of processed food, animal fat, and sweets as well as frequency of dining out were significantly reduced, 5) nutrient intake was not improved after the program, 6) the most serious barrier for participating in the program and practicing diet therapy was lack of time and willingness. In conclusion, it appears that HNEP might improve food attitudes, individual perceptions and self-efficacy for desirable eating behavior, but it might not improve dietary intake. It follows then, that a long term intervention program may need to increase effectiveness of patient dietary adherence.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.426-438
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine bowel habits, dietary habits, and nutrient intake of constipated adults, and the effects of prune products on relieving constipation symptoms. Fifty one adults with self-reported constipation (mean age 23 years, range 19-41 years, 10 males and 41 females) participated in this study. After a baseline survey on bowel habits and dietuy habits, participants were asked to consume at least 50 g of prune and 200 ml of prune juice per day during a 4-week period in addition to usual diet. Nutrient intake was estimated by a 24 hour recall at the baseline and once every week by diet records during the intervention. Data were analyzed after classifying the subjects into mild constipation group and severe constipation group by the severity of the symptoms. During the intervention, the subjects with mild constipation consumed 56 g of prunes (about 5.6 fruits) and 200 ml of prune juice, and the subjects with severe constipation consumed 59 g of prunes (about 5.9 fruits) and 207 ml of prune juice. Average intakes of energy, dietary fiber and water of the subjects in the mild constipation and severe constipation group increased during the intervention compared to the baseline. Average dietary fiber intake of the mild constipation and severe constipation groups significantly increased from 12.5 g and 11.6 g at the baseline to 18.5 g and 16.8 g after consuming prune products, respectively. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the number of bowel movements, a decrease of defecation time, a change to a softer stool consistency, and a decrease of abdominal pain during defecation. Seventy two subjects answered that prune products were effective to improve their overall constipation symptoms. Our data show that supplementation of prune products is effective to provide energy, dietary fiber and water, and to relieve constipation symptoms for constipated adults.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 2004

Despite the universal recommendation to eat a variety of foods, we still do not know whether and to what extent the variety affects dietary quality. This study was performed to evaluate the dietary variety scores as tools for assessing the dietary quality of Korean young adults. The 1-day dietary intake data were collected from 144 male and 214 female college students (>18 years) using the 24-hour recall method Relative nutrient intake compared to Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (KRDA) as the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), were computed Also, the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated. Dietary variety score (DVS) was determined by counting the number of food items consumed daily, and the dietary diversity score (DDS) by counting the number of food groups consumed daily. Results showed that DVS, DDS and MAR were significantly correlated to each other. The MAR score significantly increased as DDS increased in both men and women. When different DVS (20$\leqDVS\leq$ 30) was evaluated for its sensitivity, specificity, measured prevalence, true prevalence, and positive and negative predictive values towards MAR, DVS 21 was revealed to be optimal dietary variety score as a cutoff point to differentiate Korean young adults with or without an adequate and balanced diet. Nutrient intakes of subjects who had DVS<21 were significantly lower than those of subjects with DVS$\qeq$ 21. These results indicate that the dietary variety score appeared to be an effective tool for evaluating the adequacy of diet in Korean young adults.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.154-172
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• 2015

The prevalence of obesity is continuing to increase. Self-perceived body image among women has drawn a lot of attention in Korea due to unhealthy weight control trials. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between self-perceived body image and dietary intakes among Korean women. For the analysis, 1,747 subjects were selected after eliminating those who were likely to have recently altered their diet based on the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. The subjects were divided into three groups: underweight, normal, and obese groups according to their perception of body image. Daily nutrient intakes, NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio), and food intake frequency were assessed according to age group and body image perception. Only energy intake showed differences among the three body image perception groups across all age groups, but not statistical differences. Analysis of NAR and the order of most frequently consumed food items confirmed these findings. The ratio of underweight women that perceived their body size as normal or overweight was higher with younger age. Incorrect body image perception and unhealthy weight control behaviors can cause nutritional problems. This study confirmed that nutritional knowledge is important for healthy weight control trials. Nutritional education for healthy dieting should be emphasized among Korean women.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.181-188
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to evaluate nutritional status of ascorbic acid in 96 Korean female college students. Dietary intake level was estimated with three day diet records. Serum ascorbic acid were analyzed with fasting blood. Nutrient intakes was calculated using three different food composition databases ; analysis data of cooked food items ; analysis data of raw foods ; published food composition table. Ascorbic acid intake levels calculated with different food composition databases differed by 15% Using analysis data of cooked foods resulted in the lowest intake level 49.26 mg per day. Main sources of ascorbic acid investigated were Cheju mandarin orange juice and hard persimmon orange juice and Kimchi. Mean value of serum ascorbic acid level was 1.04 mg/dl and 4.2% of subjects were in marginal risk or deficient range. It was found to significantly correlate asscorbic acid intake with serum ascorbic acid content. Correlation coefficient with results calculated using analyzed data was higher than that using published data. Serum levels and mean daily intake levels of ascorbic acid in the subjects were significantly correlated. From these results it is concluded that ascorbic acid content of cooked foods should be included in the Food Composition Tables in Korea. Korean female college students were in lower risk of ascorbic acid deficiency.