• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.679-686
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• 2004

In order to find the relationships of nutrient intakes and food consumptions to calorie intake for young and middle-aged men, a study was peformed using the data of Korean National HealthㆍNutrition Survey in 1998. Data from 659 young men (20 to 29 years) and 1,697 middle-aged men (30 to 49 years) were analysed for percent of recommended daily allowance (%RDA), index of nutritional quality (INQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) in order to evaluate one's Quality and quantity. We found that energy and nutrient intakes were not significantly different between young and middle-aged groups. Their calorie and nutrient intakes were below their RDA. The most insufficiently consumed nutrient (less than 75% of RDA) was calcium followed by thiamin vitamin A, and calorie. The lacks of calorie, protein, iron, vitamin C, and niacin were more widely-spread in the twenties than the middle-aged. The mean nutrient adequacy ratio of the middle-aged was better than that of the young, even though some INQ were worse. Only for the subjects consumed sufficient energy, there were positive relations between grains, meats or alcoholic drinks to calorie level in middle-aged men but there were positive relations between broiled fish/shell or fats/oils to calorie level in young men. It seemed that both middle-aged men eating alcoholic drinks, broiled meat, and grains and young men eating cake/cookies, rice cake/potato cake, grains, and sugars could consume enough calorie with nutritional imbalance.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.368-379
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to assess the energy value of breakfast and its relation to total daily nutrient intake and serum lipid. Dietary intakes were evaluated through the 3-day dietary recalls(interview for 1day and self-report for 2 days) from 333 Korean urban adults aged 20-49 year. Serum lipids in fasting blood samples were measured form 98 of those 333 adults. Low energy breakfast(<15% of daily energy intake) was consumed by 22.6% of males and 18.5% of females. 59.4 of males and 43.3% of females consumed a breakfast of average energy intake(15-25% daily energy intake) ; and 18.1 of males and 38.2% of females consumed a significant contribution to a total daily nutrient intake. The daily nutrient intake except crude fiber and vitamin A, B, B, and C in males and except vitamin C in females significantly increased as the energy value of breakfast increased. The differences in energy and nutrient intakes at breakfast were not made up for by other meals. To make matters worse, the satisfactory-energy breakfast group took more energy at dinner compared with the low-energy and average-energy breakfast group took more energy at dinner compared with the low-energy and average-energy breakfast groups in females. Among serum lipid parameters, TG was negatively correlated with energy provided at breakfast, and total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol had a negative correlation with energy and carbohydrates provided at breakfast in males. For females TG was positively correlated with the ratio of carbohydrates to energy at breakfast but negatively correlated with the ratio of fat to energy at breakfast. These results suggest that satisfactory energy intakes at breakfast have positive effects on the adequacy of daily nutrient intake and may positively affect the serum lipid status.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.422-434
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• 2022

Objectives: With an increase in the population of the elderly in Korea, their nutritional status has become a cause for concern. This study was designed to compare the nutritional intake and health status of the Korean elderly according to their body mass index. Methods: The subjects were 3,274 elderly people aged 65 and above who had participated in the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into four groups: underweight, normal, overweight, and obese, based on their BMI. The general characteristics, daily energy, and nutrient intakes, nutrient intakes compared to the recommended nutrient intake, percentage of participants whose nutrient intake was lower than the estimated average requirement (EAR), index of nutrient quality, the mean adequacy ratio (MAR), intakes by food group, and health status of the four groups were compared. Results: Underweight elderly people showed lower energy, lipids, dietary fiber, vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium intake and MAR score (P < 0.001) compared to the normal or obese elderly. The mean protein, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, phosphorus, and iron intake of the underweight elderly was lower than the EAR (P < 0.05). Underweight elderly people also had a lower intake of vegetables and fats, oil and sweets food groups than the other groups (P < 0.001). The prevalence of diabetes and dyslipidemia was higher in the obese group, but the percentage of anemia was higher in the underweight group. Conclusions: Underweight elderly people were vulnerable to undernutrition and were at a higher risk of anemia.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2002

To assess the dietary fiber intake of preschool children in Busan and to evaluate the relationship between of the intake of dietary fiber and nutrient intake. Nutrient intake using 24 hour recall, and total dietary fiber (TDF) intake based on tables of TDF of common Korean floods developed by the modified Prosky Method, were estimated for 176 preschool children. The mean daily intakes of TDF, and TDF after adjusting energy intake, were 10.20 g and 7.69 g/1,000 kcal, respectively. The mean daily intakes of TDF for children aged 1-3 and 4-6 years were 9.20 g and 11.08 g, respectively. The range of TDF intake was 1.86 to 22.16 g. The major sources of TDF were cereals (31.0%), vegetables (18.9%) and fruits (11.9%). The TDF intake showed positive correlations with nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) of iron and Vitamin $B_1$, (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The TDF intake per 1,000 kcal showed negative correlations with the NARs of protein, calcium, phosphate, iron, Vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, Vitamin $B_2$, and niacin (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and with the mean adequacy ratio (MAR, p < 0.001). When children were stratified into quartiles ($Q_1-Q_4$) on the basis of their fiber intake per 1,000 kcal, their NARs for calcium, phosphate, iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin $B_1, Vitamin $B_2$ and niacin (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001), and their MAR (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in the children with higher fiber intake per 1,000 kcal (the upper quartile). The NARs fur calcium (0.63), iron (0.60), Vitamin A (0.66), Vitamin $B_2$(0.74), niacin (0.64), Vitamin C (0.65) and the MAR (0.74) were lower than 0.75 in the children with fiber intakes of more than 9.25 g per 1,000 local (0,), the highest fiber intake per 1,000 kcal. Based on these results, the mean TDF intake of children was higher than the age (yr)+5g , the minimum recommended level for American children. Meals with a fiber intake of more than 9.25 g per 1,000 local ($Q_4$) could cause a decreased nutritional status for minerals and vitamins. The result of this study could contribute to the establishment of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for dietary fiber for Korean Preschool children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.403-415
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the nutrient and food intake status, and dietary quality in Korean adults according to abdominal obesity based on waist circumference. Methods: We analyzed data from the combined 2010~2012 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). The analysis included 6,974 adults aged 40 to 64 years. In this study, according to abdominal obesity based on waist circumference (male ${\geq}$ 90 cm, female ${\geq}$ 85 cm), we classified the subjects into the obesity group (male, n = 775, female, n = 1,113) and control group (male, n = 2,038, female, n = 3,048). The nutrient and food group intake, ND (nutrient density), NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), MAR (mean adequacy ratio), INQ (index of nutritional quality), DDS (dietary diversity score), and DVS (dietary variety score) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. Results: For male, no significant difference in quality index of the diet was observed between the obesity group and the normal group. In female, in diet quality (ND, NAR, and INQ), vitamin $B_2$ (ND, NAR, and INQ) calcium (NAR), phosphorous (ND, INQ) and potassium (ND) of the obesity group was significantly lower than those of the control group. DDS and DVS in the obesity group (3.57, 30.95) were significantly lower than those of the control group (3.68, 32.84) (p = 0.0043, 0.0002). DVS (DVS ${\geq}$ 39.9) showed association with lower risk of waist obesity in a logistic regression model after adjustments for multiple confounding factors including age, education, income, alcohol intake frequency, smoking, physical activity, energy intake, and body mass index (OR: 0.616, 95% CI: 0.420-0.903). Conclusion: In conclusion, females with abdominal obesity had lower micronutrient intake quality, DVS than those of the control group. In Korean females, food intake variety can adversely affect waist circumference.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.908-916
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• 2004

Due to the common dietary practice of preparing foods in various ways using the same food item, in addition to rather a large number of food items that average Koreans consume, it is difficult to accurately assess the nutritional adequacy. In an effort to identify a reliable means of assessing the nutritional adequacy of Korean adults, we analyzed the association between the scores of dietary diversity (DDS) and dietary variety (DVS), and the quality of nutrient intake as assessed by Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR). A three day-dietary record was obtained from each of 324 inhabitants, aged 40 to 69 years (mean :t SD,52.4 $\pm$ 8.7), of a rural area (Ansung) and a mid-sized city (Ansan) of Korea. These individuals were randomly selected among the participants of the Korean Health and Genome Study. The number of consumed foods and food groups were assesses by DDS (scored 1 to 5) and DVS (ranked 30 $\leq$,31 - 40, 41 - 50, 51 - 60, and 60 <) over three-day period, respectively. As DDS/DVS increased, mean daily food intakes tended to increase, and NARIMAR was improved. Thus, DDS and DVS were significantly correlated with the quality of nutrient intake. Over 95% of the subjects scored less than 2 in DDS for the first one-day period, whilst over 62% recorded 4 during the full three-day period (p < .0001). The mean number of consumed food items increased from 24.9 to 44.4 as a function of days of the record period (p < .0001). We also analyzed the association of DDS and DVS with MAR, using regression analysis, controlling age and sex as covariates. For DDS, the adjusted coefficient determination (adj $R^2$) values were 8.7%,15.8%,23.3% of MAR, also increasing as a function of the record duration, whereas they were 27.3%, 33.3%, 37.6% for DVS, respectively, demonstrating that NAR/MAR has a better correlation with DVS than DDS. Our data show that DDS, and DVS in particular, are useful parameters for evaluating nutrient intake in the Korean population. Our data also support that one day-dietary records are by no means adequate for accurately describing a wide variety of food choices offered for average Koreans, and that dietary assessment at least for 3 days or longer should be obtained for a reliable evaluation of dietary quality using DDS or DVS.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.210-222
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• 2004

In recent years, the number and proportion of Korean elderly have grown rapidly, and elderly individuals show a disproportionate risk for poor nutritional status. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of sociodemographic background to nutrient intake of persons 65 years of age or older, living in 15 cities in Korea. Data on 1973 subjects (603 males, 1370 females), who participated in the Korean Elderly Nutrition Survey (2000), were analyzed. Their mean age was 72.3 years and their mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.2 kg/$m^2$. Basic sociodemographic data were obtained through personal interviews. The 98-item semi-food frequency questionnaire, developed and previously validated for Korean middle-aged and elderly subjects, was administered. “Percentage of subjects who consumed under 75％ Korean RDA,” “number of nutrients consumed below 75％ Korean RDA,” “mean nutrient adequacy ratio,” and “nutrient density” were used to determine nutritional status. Male elderly had better nutritional quality than female elderly. Nutritional quality decreased with age, especially in older elderly (over 75). Elderly who were underweight (BMI 〈 20 kg/$m^2$) showed poorer nutritional quality than those who were normal weight (BMI 20∼25 kg/$m^2$) and overweight (BMI $\geq$ 25 kg/$m^2$). Elderly who lived alone had significantly poorer nutritional quality than those who lived with a spouse, and/or with children. Lower education level and economic dependence also showed lower nutritional quality. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of specific sociodemographic factors on nutritional quality. For number of nutrients under 75％ RDA as a dependent variable, education level explained 4.8％ of the variance, followed by living status, age, body mass index, gender, and living expense support (Model $R^2$ = 0.091). For mean nutrient adequacy ratio as a dependent variable, model $R^2$ was 0.098. Therefore, sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, body mass index, living status, educational level, and economic status influenced elderly nutrition status. These results indicate that an elderly nutrition intervention should focus on subjects who are poorly educated, living alone, age 75 or older, and/or underweight.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.501-512
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• 2005

To assess the food habits and the seasonal differences of nutrient intakes and diet qualities of adult working women aged 30 - 49y in Busan, dietary survey was conducted in summer and in winter by a questionnaire and two-day food record. Anthropometric assessment was also investigated in two seasons. $91.8\%$ of those skipped breakfast in the main. $44.3\%$ had irregular meals. The mean daily energy intake was 1725.8 kcal with $63.3\%$ of energy intake being supplied by carbohydrates, $14.7\%$ by protein, $22.3\%$ by fat in summer and 1598.4 kcal with $62.1\%$ of energy intake being supplied by carbohydrates, $15.6\%$ by protein, $22.1\%$ by fat in winter. Over $70\%$ of iron intake came from plant origin in two seasons. The mean intakes of energy, calcium, iron and vitamin A in summer and energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$ in winter were below Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Koreans. As well as insufficiency in iron, the bioavailability of iron is considered to have been low because most of iron intake came from plant origin in two seasons. For calcium and iron in summer and calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$ in winter, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than $75\%$ of RDA were over $40\%$ in summer and over $50\%$ in winter, respectively. The nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) were below 0.75 for calcium and iron in summer and calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$ in winter. NARs of iron (p<0.05), vitamin A (p<0.01) and vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.001) in winter were significantly lower than those in summer. The mean adequacy ratios (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality were 0.85 in summer and 0.80 in winter. The MAR in winter was significantly lower than that in summer (p < 0.05). The indexes of nutritional quality (INQ) were below 1 for calcium and iron in summer and calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$ in winter. The intake (p<0.05) and NAR (p<0.05) of vitamin $B_2$ showed positive significant correlations with height in winter. In conclusion, nutrient intake and diet quality of adult working women were different between the summer and the winter. So nutritional education programs for summer and winter are needed for adult working women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.176-187
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• 2001

This research was conducted to evaluate the general dietary quality(the balance and diversity of food intake, nutrient intake and adequacy) of 12 to 36-month-old toddler, through examining their actual food intake. It was conducted for 664(male-357, female-307) healthy toddler who were outpatients from Mar. to Aug., 1999 at university hospitals and private hospitals in Seoul and kyunggi province. The anthropometric parameters were measured. The 24-hr recall method were utilized to analyze the nutrient intake by months, based on the classification of The Korea Child Gorwth Standard. As for the subjects of this research, we found that the younger the age, the more frequent the pattern of intake of only 3 kinds of food groups. The results are that 1) the group with 1 point of the DDS(Dietary Diversity Score) mostly took only foods from the milk group, 2) the group with 2 points only took foods from the grain and milk group, 3) the group with 3 points did not take foods from the fruit and vegetable group, and 4) the group with 4 points took just about all kinds of food groups except for the vegetable group. This means that most of them were not taking various kinds of food even after the age of 12 months, and that they took more than twice the recommended amount of foods from the milk group until the age of 20 months. Thus, one could find a tendency of dependance on the milk group for food intake. Food intake for the vegetable group was severely under the recommended allowance, regardless of the age. The intake of iron was less than two thirds of the recommended allowance, except for the group of 12 to 14-month-olds who had been fed with infant formula. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio(NAR) of major nutrients(protein, calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, vitamin C) and the Mean Adequacy Ratio(MAR, shows the general quality of dietary intake) was 0.86$\pm$0.12, but the NAR of iron was 0.62$\pm$0.27, which was extremely low compared to those of other nutrients. Therefore, concerning the subjects of this research, the MAR value alone does not provide enough ground to conclude that the subjects dietary quality is satisfactory. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 176-187, 2001)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.394-402
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate diet quality and changes in nutrient and food intake with increase in age. Subjects were 69 patients(28 males, 41 females) living in Jeon-ju city, over middle-aged, and they were the same patients studied 4-7 years ago in a previous study. Dietary survey with one day 24-hour recall method was used. Energy, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin B$_2$intakes were lower than the RDA and vitamin C was in excessive status in pre-test and post-test. In food groups examrned, the consumption of potatoes, beans, vegetables, seaweeds, beverages, seasonings, oils, fish & shells and milks was increased amount than 4-7 years before but the consumption of cereals(p<0.01), sugars, seeds, fruits, processed food, meats and eggs was decreased. Diet quality was assessed by %RDA, nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR), mean adequacy ratio(MAR), dietary diversity score(DDS), meal balance and food group pattern. In %RDA, those proportion of appropriate intake in post-test in were higher than those in pre-test. For most nutrient except vitamin A, the levels of NAR in post-test were higher than in pretest. The MAR, an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.77 for pre-test and 0.83 for post-test(p<0.05). When we counted the major food groups consumed(KDDS), 62.3% of subjects had a KDDS of 3 in pre-test and 42.0% of subjects had a KDDS of 4 in post-test. Based on these results, in terms of variety and balance, total diet quality was improved with advancing of age.