• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1337-1344
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• 2000

Differences in the physical structure and chemical composition of sorghums result in different nutritional values. Sorghums with high in vitro nutrient digestibility tend to have greater ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilies. Soft endosperm can improve growth and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs and broiler chicks. However, finishing pigs respond less to endosperm hardness. Chicks benefit from waxy sorghums, but responses of swine to waxy sorghum remain controversial. Reduction of particle size benefits nursery pigs more than finishing pigs, while age of chicks affects the coarseness preference. Nutritional benefits of thermal processing in sorghum remain unclear in chicks and pigs. Although experiments have demonstrated increased efficiency with processed sorghum, processing provided only an immediate solution to the problem of reduced utilization. Long-term, solutions will be genetic improvement of physical and on chemical characteristic.

• Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
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• 제1권
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• pp.99-106
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• 1990

An extensive biological nutrient removal pilot plant study of anoxic/anaerobic/ aerobic treatment process was conducted to eastblish an optimum operational mode using primary dffluent. Two operational modes, (1) Qr/Q was 3.0 and maintaining EMLSS of 3100 mg/L in which the best operational results were obtained from previous bench scale study using synthetic wastewater (2) Qr/Q was 0.5 and EMLSS of 2200 mg/L which was compatible with the main plant, were Compared and evaluated for removal of nitrogen and/or phosphorous under field conditions. The nitrogen removal increased with increasing recycle ratios, but the phosphorous removal revealed more consistent results with 83percent removal efficiency in the second mode compared with 80 percent in the first mode. Above all, the two modes equally showed good BOD and nitrogen removals by nitrification-denitrification processes. It was also observed that no scum formed in the pilot plant and the sludge exhibited excellent settling characteristic all the time. The modified biological nutrient removal train can be adopted to the main plant without any major changes of their operational modes.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2001

This paper represents methods to diagnose nutrient deficient stresses of cucumber plants using several physiological instruments. The stresses could be detected by measuring and analyzing the difference of chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), temperature difference (DT) and light absorbance at wavelengths of 480nm, 560nm and 710nm between deficient and control plants. From the all over experiments, the stresses could be first diagnosed in the 3rd to 5th day in general after treatment and the overall diagnosis rate was estimated at more than 50% up to 100%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.423-431
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• 2001

Animals are one of the important memberships of the food chain. The low-efficiency rule of nutrient transfer from one member to the next in the food chain determines the low efficiency of animal agriculture for human food. On the average, about 20% feed proteins and 15% feed energy can be converted into edible nutrients for humans. The rest proportion of feed nutrients is exposed to the environment. Environmental pollution, therefore, is inevitable as animal agriculture grows intensively and extensively. The over-loading of the environment by nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus from animal manure results in soil and water spoilage. The emission of gases like $CH_2$, $CO_2$, $SO_2$, NO, $NO_2$ by animals are one of the contributors for the acidification of the environment and global warming. The inefficient utilization of natural resources and the probable unsafety of animal products to human health are also a critical environmental issue. Improving the conversion efficiency of nutrients in the food chain is the fundamental strategy for solving environmental issues. Specifically in animal agriculture, the strategy includes the improvements of animal genotypes, nutritional and feeding management, animal health, housing systems and waste disposal programs. Animal nutrition science plays a unique and irreplaceable role in the control of nutrient input and output in either products or wastes. Several nutritional methods are proved to be effective in alleviating environmental pollution. A lot of nutritional issues, however, remain to be further researched for the science of animal nutrition to be a strong helper for sustainability of animal agriculture.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.73-82
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• 1996

The removal efficiencies of organic substrates, nitrogen and phosphorus in the anaerobic-aerobic biological phosphorus removal process were investigated by addition of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid which are normal volatile fatty acids contained in anaerobic digester supernatants. Substrate utilization coefficients for the phosphorus release and uptake were also estimated. The effect of a VFA, which showed higher phosphorus removal efficiency than the other VFAs did, was also studied in an anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic biological nutrient removal process. For the anaerobic-aerobic process added by VFA, the phosphorus removal efficiencies were up to about 68%, 55% and 61% for the reactors of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid added, respectively, which indicates the efficiencies were increased by about 8-21%, comparing to that of 47% for the reactor with no VFA added. There were no significant difference in removal efficiencies for organic substrate and $NH_3-N$ without regard to addition of VFA. However, the removal efficiency of total nitrogen was increased in the case of VFA added, since $NO_3-N$ was less produced. For the anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic process added VFA, the removal efficiencies for $NH_3-N$ and $PO{_4}^{3-}-P$ were increased by 5% and 13%, respectively, comparing with them in the reactors not added VFA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.474-478
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• 2001

Eighteen Murrah male buffalo calves were allotted into three groups of six each. The calves in group I (control) were fed with whole milk, skim milk, calf starter and green maize fodder. The calves in group II (high butyric acid) and group III (low butyric acid) were fed with the same diet as control along with 24 ml and 12 ml of butyric acid/calf/day for 120 days, respectively for 120 days. Dry matter intake was higher in group II and III as compared with group I. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose and hemicellulose was the highest in group II followed by group III and the control group. Body weight gain and conversion efficiency of dry matter, digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients were better in group II. Cost of feed for per unit of live weight gain was the lowest in group II. It was concluded that dietary addition of butyric acid (24 ml/day) was economical and had positive effect on the performance of Murrah buffalo calves.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.245-257
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• 2001

가축사육이 집단화되면서 가축배설물의 축적은 집중화 현상을 초래하게 되었고 또 계속적인 분뇨 분비물의 유출은 환경공해의 요인이 되고 있으며 이는 공공의 걱정거리로 대두되고 있다. 가축분뇨 중에서 질소와 인이 환경공해요인이 되는 가장 중요한 영양소이지만 가축이나 축산시설물에서 발생되는 냄새 역시 공해의 요인이 되고 있다. 급여되는 사료의 영양소효율을 높이는 길이 환경공해를 감소시키는 방법이다. 가장 많은 실험은 닭과 돼지를 대상으로 하여 이루어졌다. 사료첨가제의 이용, 사양방법의 수정 등으로 사료중의 영양소 이용성을 높임으로서 질소와 인의 배출감소는 물론 냄새와 분의 건물함량을 줄일 수 있었다. 1) 합성아미노산 제제를 사료 중에 첨가하고 단백질 수준을 감소시켰을 때 육계의 경우 10∼27%의 질소배출을 기대할 수 있었으며 산란계의 경우 18∼35%, 돼지의 경우 62%, 돼지에서 생성되는 냄새를 9∼43%까지 감소시키는 효과를 기대 할 수 있었다. 2) 사료 중에 효소제를 첨가하였을 때 육계 분의 건물함량을 12∼15% 감소시킬 수 있었다. 3) phytase를 첨가할 경우 분으로 배설되는 인의 함량은 양계의 경우 25∼35%,돼지의 경우 9∼43%까지 감소가 가능했다. 4) 성장촉진제를 이용할 경우 돼지에서 질소의 배설 양을 5∼30% 감소시킬 수 있었으며 냄새는 53∼55%까지 감소가 가능했다. 5) 사료배합을 요구량에 가깝게 하여 급여하였을 때 양계나 양돈의 경우 질소와 인은 각각 10∼15% 감소를 기대 할 수 있었으며 돼지의 냄새는 28∼79%까지 감소가 가능했다. 6) 기별 사양을 철저히 실시함으로서 양계와 양돈의 경우 질소는 10∼33%, 인산은 10∼13%, 그리고 성장 비육돈의 경우 49∼79% 감소를 기대 할 수 있다. 7) 닭이나 돼지의 사료를 배합시 소화율이 높은 곡류를 이용하면 질소와 인의 배설을 5% 감소시킬 수 있다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.165-181
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• 1976

서기(西紀) 1980년 '90년(年) 및 2000년대(年代)의 작물생산(作物生産)에 필요(必要)한 삼요소필요량(三要素必要量)을 비료이용율모형(肥料利用率模型)(Fn=Y/E(1-Cs)/Eu) (여기서 Fn; 비료필요량(肥料必要量), Y; 작물생산량(作物生産量), E; 양분효율(養分效率), Cs; 천연양분기여율(天然養分寄與率), Eu; 비료이용율(肥料利用率))과 시비효율(施肥效率) 모형(模型)(Fn=Y(1-Cys)/Fe) (여기서, Cys; 토양생산량기여율(土壤生産量寄與率), Fe; 시비효율(施肥效率))에 의(依)하여 설정(設定)된 단위수량(單位收量)에 필요(必要)한 양분요구량(養分要求量) $N^0$ (Y/E 양분교율(養分郊率)의 역수(逆數))를 사용(使用)하여 예측(豫測)하고 비료필요량(肥料必要量) 및 양분보전(養分保全)의 한계척도(限系尺度)로서의 양분흡수량(養分吸收量)과 작물생산계(作物生産系)에 반환(反還)되지 아니하는 부환삼요소량(不還三要素量)을 산출(算出)하여 비교검토(比較檢討)하였다. 삼요소(三要素) 흡수(吸收) 총량(總量)은 1965년(年) 60만(萬) M/T 1974년(年)에 70만(萬) M/T이었고 1980년(年) 88만(萬) M/T 1990년(年)에 117만(萬) M/T) 2000년(年)에 141만 M/T으로 추정(推定)되며 삼요소(三要素) 필요량(必要量)은 이용률모형(利用率模型)에서 흡수량(吸收量)의 약(約) 90% 여비효율모형(旅肥效率模型)에시 약(約) 87%가 되었으며 부환량(不還量)은 29% 미만(未滿)이었다. 삼요소(三要素) 각필요량(各必要量)은 질소(窒素)는 흡수량(吸收量)과 거의 같고 인산(燐酸)은 흡수량(吸收量)의 1.5배(培) 칼리는 흡수량(吸收量)의 약(約) 반(半)이었다. 비료필요량(肥料必要量) 예측모형(豫測模型)에 주는 품종개량(品種改良) 토양개량(土壤改良) 및 비옥도증진(肥沃度增進) 경종방법개선(耕種方法改善) 비료형태변화(肥料形態變化)의 영향(影響)은 효율치(效率値)의 증대(增大)를 가져와서 비료필요량(肥料必要量)을 감소(減少)시킬 것이나 저온(低溫)과 같은 기상(氣象) 장애(障碍)는 효율치(效率値)를 감소(減少)시켜 비료수요량(肥料需要量)의 증대(增大)를 가져올 것으로 보였다. 1974년(年)의 비료사용(肥料使用) 현황(現況)은 특(特)히 질소(窒素)와 인산(燐酸)에 상당히 낭비적(浪費的)인 것으로 나타났으며 그럼에도 비옥도(肥沃度)가 향상(向上)되지 않은 곳이 많은 것을 볼 때 비료시용(肥料施用)의 과학화(科學化)가 시급(時急)한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2010

오이의 부위별 생체분석을 통하여 영양진단 가능성을 검토코자, 무기영양액의 양분농도가 결핍된 조건(1/10 Ross 용액) 하에서 오이의 생육, 무기성분의 흡수 및 탄수화물 합성에 관하여 조사하였다. 양분결핍에 의한 오이 생육저해는 처리 후 20일에 나타났다. 양분결핍조건에서 질산태 질소의 흡수는 정상조건에 비해 크게 감소하였으며, 질산태 질소함량은 잎보다 엽병과 줄기에서 높았다. 반면, 암모늄태 질소함량은 생장엽병 및 생장엽에서 뿌리보다 높았다. 양분결핍에 의한 칼리 부족은 생장엽에서 나타났다. 칼슘은 처리간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 주로 엽병에 분포하였다. 마그네슘은 줄기나 뿌리보다는 잎에 다량 존재하였으며, 나트륨은 칼리와 유사한 경향을 보였으나 함량은 매우 낮았다. 이산화탄소 동화율은 정상 양분조건의 완전생장엽에서 가장 높았으며, 양분결핍조건과 비교할 때 약 1.7배 컸다. 수분이용효율은 처리간에 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았으나, 정상 양분조건에서 약간 높았다. 수용성 당 함량은 잎에서 가장 높았고, 엽병, 줄기 및 뿌리의 순으로 나타났으며, 오래된 조직보다는 어린 조직에서 높았다. 정상 양분조건의 생장엽에서 측정된 수용성 당 함량은 약 7,200 mg $kg^{-1}$ 이었다. 무기성분과 수용성 당과의 상관관계를 알아본 결과, 마그네슘과 암모늄태 질소가 수용성 당과 고도의 정의 상관관계를 보였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.289-293
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary carbohydrases on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 90 pigs [(Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] (initial BW = $56.15{\pm}1.26kg$) were used for a 35 d feeding trial. The dietary treatments included: 1) CON (control diet), 2) MIX (CON + mixture with ${\alpha}$-galactosidase and ${\beta}$-mannanase 0.05%) and 3) MAN (CON + ${\beta}$-mannanase 0.05%). There were six replications per treatment with five pigs per pen. The average daily gain (ADG) in MIX was higher than in CON (p<0.05). No significant differences were noted in the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G:F) among dietary treatments (p>0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) and energy (E) in MIX increased (p<0.05) relative to CON and MAN. The ATTD of nitrogen (N) in MIX was higher (p<0.05) than in CON. No differences in red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes and IgG concentrations were observed among dietary treatments (p>0.05). In conclusion, the addition of the mixture of carbohydrases (${\alpha}$-galactosidase and ${\beta}$-mannanase 0.05%) increased ADG and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs.